CANARY CURRENT LARGE MARINE
ECOSYSTEM (CCLME) PROJECT
PROJECT DOCUMENT
1. PROJECT IDENTIFIERS
PROJECT NUMBER: GEF/6030-04-10
REQUESTING COUNTRIES: Sub-regional (West Africa): Cape Verde, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Mauritania, Morocco, Senegal and The Gambia.
PROJECT TITLE: Protection of the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem
GEF AGENCIES: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
PROJECT EXECUTING AGENCIES: FAO, Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission, Abidjan
Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal
Environment; national executing agencies; Guinea: Centre National des Sciences; Guinea Bissau:
Ministère de l'Energie et des Ressources Naturelles; The Gambia: Department of State for Fisheries
and Water Resources; Senegal: Direction des Pêches Maritimes; Cap Verde: Ministério do Ambiente
et Agricultura; Mauritania: Institut Mauritanien de Recherches Océanographiques et des Pêches;
Morocco: Institut National de Ressources Halieutiques
GEF FOCAL AREA: International Waters
GEF STRATEGIC PROGRAM: GEF IW Strategic Objective 1 (To foster international, multi-state
cooperation on priority transboundary water concerns through more comprehensive, ecosystem-based
approaches to management) and GEF4 IW Strategic Program 1 - Restoring and sustaining coastal and
marine fish stocks and associated biological diversity.
DURATION: 5 years.
ELIGIBILITY: The participating countries are eligible under paragraph 9(b) of the GEF Instrument.
PROJECT FINANCING PLAN
Cost to GEF:
US$
Project
8,090,000
PDF-B
700,000
Subtotal GEF
8,790,000
PDF Co-financing
National contributions
164,000
Others
888,000
Subtotal PDF-B Co-finance
1,052,000
Project Co-financing
National contributions
4,000,000
Others
13,699,250
Subtotal Co-finance (main project)
17,699,250
Total project cost
27,541,250
1
2. SUMMARY
The Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME) extends southwards from the Atlantic coast of
Morocco to the Bijagos Archipelago of Guinea Bissau and westwards to the Canary Islands (Spain) and
following the western extent of the North West African continental shelf (corresponding approximately
with the EEZs of the coastal states). The countries within the recognized limits of the CCLME are Spain
(Canary Islands), Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, The Gambia and Guinea Bissau. Cape Verde and the
waters of Guinea are considered adjacent areas within the zone of influence of the CCLME (see maps in
Annex 8).
The Canary Current LME is one of the world's major boundary current systems with cold water
upwelling, ranking 3rd in the world in terms of primary productivity after the Humboldt and Benguela
LMEs and having the highest fisheries production of any African LME (annual production ranges from 2
to 3 million tonnes). The CCLME also provides important ecosystem goods and services including
provision of habitat for fish and other coastal species, supply of fresh water from coastal rivers &
estuaries, wood from mangroves and provision of coastal and marine space for agriculture, aquaculture,
urban development, tourism and transport. The CCLME is a vital food and economic resource not only
for coastal populations bordering the LME, but also for much of West Africa and beyond.
The capacity of the CCLME to sustain valuable ecosystem goods and services is threatened by over
fishing (by both industrial and artisanal fishing fleets), habitat degradation (of benthic, coastal and
estuarine habitats) pollution (from both land-based and sea-based sources) and climate change (slowing
of the North Atlantic gyre and other atmosphere/ocean effects). Furthermore, the efficient capture and
distribution of benefits from the goods and services of the CCLME is constrained by the lack of adequate
plans and policies. Current approaches to the management of the natural assets of the CCLME are
primarily national or sector-based and limited in scope. Without introducing an ecosystem-based,
integrated approach to management, the health of the CCLME ecosystem will continue to decline with
negative socio-economic consequences for the people of the region.
As part of the preparatory phase, the countries of the project and development partners have undertaken a
series of national consultations and regional meetings leading to a Preliminary TDA that has identified
and analyzed specific priority trans-boundary concerns and actions to address them. From the
Preliminary TDA was derived a Strategic Action program `pre-cursor' (Pre-SAP) which led to the
project design itself. Project objectives and activities were further refined in the light of redefined GEF
IW strategic objectives and programs for GEF4. Key program partners and their donors have been
solicited to adopt the Preliminary TDA, SAP-precursor and project framework as a basis for directing
their own future interventions. Interventions of the CCLME project and project partners will be
coordinated within the framework of the CCLME project through a series of cooperation and co-
financing arrangements, creating in effect a CCLME program.
The long term environmental objective of the CCLME program is to "reverse the degradation of the
Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem caused by over-fishing, habitat modification and changes in
water quality by adoption of an ecosystem-based management approach". This is consistent with GEF
IW's identification of depletion of coastal and marine fish stocks and associated biological diversity as
a major global concern and is in accordance with IW Strategic Program 1 for GEF4 ("Restoring and
sustaining coastal and marine fish stocks and associated biological diversity"). The project will assist
countries in achieving WSSD targets relating to sustainable fisheries and progress towards Millennium
Development Goals 1 (poverty reduction) and 7 (stabilized environment).
The CCLME project objective is to "enable the countries of the Canary Current Large Marine
Ecosystem to address priority transboundary concerns on declining fisheries, associated biodiversity
and water quality through governance reforms, investments and management programs". A
Preliminary TDA has confirmed the focus of regional concern on depleted fisheries and on habitat,
associated biodiversity and water quality critical to fisheries. The principal outcomes of the project
will be: 1) Multi-country agreement on on priority transboundary issues; 2) Multi-country agreement
2
on governance reforms and investments to address priority transboundary issues; 3) a sustainable
legal/institutional framework for the CCLME; 4) strengthened existing transboundary waters
institutions; 5) Stakeholder involvement in transboundary waterbody priority setting and strategic
planning; 6) functioning National Interministerial Committees; 7) multi-country policy proposals (as
annexes to the SAP); 8) management instruments for maintaining fish stocks, associated biodiversity
and water quality (as annexes to the SAP) and 9) demonstrations implemented and costs/benefits
evaluated. Specific actions to address transboundary concerns prior to the SAP will include policy,
legal, and institutional reforms, developing an LME-wide network of MPAs and demonstrations of
shared stock management, selective trawling gear, MPAs for fisheries, mangrove restoration and use
of threatened species as indicators of fisheries practices and other aspects of LME status.
The project is primarily a foundational / capacity building project focused on addressing depleted
fisheries and centered on a combination of the TDA-SAP process and the Large Marine Ecosystem 5-
module approach1 which aims to foster cooperation between the project countries to adopt common
trans-boundary policy and management objectives and instruments to address priority trans-boundary
issues and monitor the status of the CCLME based on sound science. Reflecting GEF Replenishment
Programming Paper (GEF/R.4/33), the project also includes a series of innovative demonstration
actions to address initial trans-boundary priorities that will serve to encourage adoption of a SAP by
the project countries before the end of the project while also providing 1) useful input to the TDA/SAP
and LME assessment; 2) stress reduction2 for certain components of the ecosystem and 3) model
approaches for replication within and beyond the CCLME. The project includes targeted experience
sharing with existing GEF IW projects through IW:LEARN, support to one SIDS (Cape Verde) and
will pursue linkages with other coastal management and river basin management initiatives in the
CCLME including other programs of the GEF.
The project will help countries to implement the WSSD Plan of Implementation, particularly as
regards Part IV paragraphs 29-32 (implementing Ch. 17 of agenda 21, ecosystem approach, ICOM,
regional cooperation, ICAM, sustainable fisheries, conservation of the oceans etc.); 34 (improved
scientific understanding of marine and coastal ecosystems); 38 (integrated land management and water
use); 42 (control of alien invasive species) and Part VIII paragraphs 56 (Africa Process for the marine
& coastal environment) and 60 (integrated water resources development).
The total project cost, including PDF-B financing and co-finance, is an estimated US$27,704,250. The
total GEF contribution will be US$8.79 million (including $0.7 million towards the PDF-B phase).
The in-kind contribution of participating countries is estimated to be US$4.052 million. Total co-
financing from other sources, including donors, FAO, UNEP and others is estimated at
US$17,716,250.
1 The LME approach to the assessment, monitoring and management of large marine ecosystems is based on the
five modules of 1) productivity 2) fish & fisheries; 3) pollution & ecosystem health; 4) socio-economics and 5)
governance. See a fuller explanation in the main text.
2 `Stress reduction' here refers to the equivalent category of GEF IW indicators (which cover process, stress
reduction & environmental status)
3
3. RECORD OF ENDORSEMENT ON BEHALF OF GOVERNMENTS
Country
Name
Position / institution
Date
Cape Verde
Maria Andrade
Director General of Environment, Ministry of Environment. CP 115,
14 June
Ivone Lopes
Praia, Cape Verde. Tel: 238 2618984. Fax: 238 2617511. E-mail:
2007
sepa@mail.cvtelecom.cv Dga_pana2@cvtelecom.cv. GEF Operational
Focal Point.
Guinea
Sékou Camara
Directeur du Fonds de Sauvegarde, Ministère de L'Environnement
11 June
BP 761, Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 224 60211083 (Cell). E-mail:
2007
sekuba1@yahoo.fr. GEF Operational Focal Point.
Guinea
João Raimundo
General Director of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources, PO Box 12 June
Bissau
Lopes
399. Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. Tel: 011 245 256239. Mobile: +245 666
2007
9072. Fax: 011 245 201 753. E-mail: jraylopes@yahoo.com. GEF
Operational Focal Point.
Mauritania
Mohamed-Yahya
Directeur des Politiques, Direction des Politiques, Secrétasriat d' Etat
22 June
Lafdal
l'Environnement, SEE, B.P. 170, Nouakchott, Mauritania. Tel :
2007
(222) 524 3143 ; Fax: (222) 630 3128. E-mail:
lafdal@environnement.gov.mr
Morocco
Taha Balafrej
Directeur du Partenariat, Ministere de l'Amenagement du Territoire, de
18 June
l'Eau et de l'Environnement, Rabat, Morocco. Tel: 212 7772759 or 00 212 2007
37 77 3759. Fax: 212 7772640. E-mail: balafrej@minenv.gov.ma and
dpcc@minenv.gov.ma. GEF Operational Focal Point.
Senegal
Fatima Dia Touré
Directrice de l'Environnement et des Etablissements Classés, Ministère
11 June
de l'Environnement et de la Protection de la Nature. GEF Operational
2007
Focal Point. Tel: (221) 821-0725; Fax: (221) 822-6212
E-mail: fdtoure@sentoo..sn
The Gambia
Momodou Sarr
Executive Director, National Environment Agency, Banjul, The Gambia.
20 June
Tel: 220 4223860. Fax: 220 4229701. E-mail:msarr@gamtel.gm &
2007
nea@gamtel.gm Mobile:+220 9960732. GEF Operational Focal Point.
4. IMPLEMENTAING AGENCY CONTACTS
FAO - Ms Barbara Cooney, GEF Coordinator, Field Programme Development Service (TCAP), FAO, Viale
delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. Tel: +39 065705 5478; fax +39 06 5705 4385 Mobile: +39 349
2300713. E-mail: Barbara.cooney@fao.org
Mr. Roberto Samanez, Chief, Field Programme Development Service (TCAP), FAO, Viale delle Terme di
Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.Tel. +39 065705 5478 Fax : +39 06 5705 6885
Email: Roberto.Samanez@fao.org
Virginie Hart, Task Manager, International Waters, UNEP, Nairobi (+254-20-7624527,
virginie.hart@unep.org), Division of GEF Coordination, UNEP, P.O. Box 30522, Nairobi 00100, Kenya, Tel:
+254-20-7624166; fax: +254-20-7624041 E-mail: virginie.hart@unep.org.
4
LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS
Acronym
Full Name
Abidjan Convention
Abidjan Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment
ACCC
Adaptation to Climate Change through ICZM in West Africa (GEF-UNDP-IOC-UNESCO)
AFD
Agence Française de Développement
AfDB
African Development Bank
AGC
Agence de Gestion et de Coopération entre le Sénégal et la Guinée Bissau
AGPAO
Appui à la Gestion de Pêche en Afrique de l'Ouest
ANEP
National Association of Fishing Operators (Guinea Bissau)
ATLAFCO
Ministerial Conference on Fisheries Cooperation among African States bordering the Atlantic Ocean (Dakar
Conference, 1992) COMHAFAT in French
AtlantNIRO
Atlantic Research Institute of Marine Fisheries & Oceanography (Kaliningrad, Russia)
BCEAO
Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest
BCLME
Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem
BFS
Projet du Bas Fleuve du Sénégal (GEF-World Bank)
CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity
CBMP
Coastal & Biodiversity Management Project, Guinea Bissau (World Bank/GEF)
CECAF
FAO Fishery Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic (cf. COPACE)
CEMARE
Centre for Marine Resource Economics, Portsmouth University, UK
CMS
Bonn Convention on Migratory Species
COMHAFAT
Conférence Ministérielle sur la Coopération Halieutique entre les états AFricains riverains de l'océan ATlantique
(Conférence de Dakar, 1992) - ATLAFCO in English (supra)
COPACE
Comité des Pêches pour l'Atlantique Centrale de l'Est (cf. CECAF)
COSMAR
Coastal and Marine Secretariat (NEPAD), Nairobi
CRODT
Centre de Recherche Océanographique de Thaiaroye (Senegal)
CSRP
Commission Sous-Régionale des Pêches (SRFC in English)
DPM
Direction des Pêches Maritimes (Senegal)
DPN
Direction des Parcs Nationaux (Senegal)
DSPCM
Délégation pour la Surveillance des Pêches et de Contrôle en Mer (Mauritania)
EcoQO
Ecosystem Quality Objective
ECOST
Evaluation des Coûts Sociaux et Economiques des Activités de Pêche
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zone
ExA
Executing Agency
EU
European Union
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FFEM
Fonds Français pour l'Environnement Mondial ("French GEF")
FIAS
Fisheries Information and Analysis Systems
FIBA
Fondation Internationale du Banc d'Arguin
FIGIS
Fisheries Geographical Information Systems
FIMF
Fisheries Management & Conservation Service (FAO)
GCLME
Guinea Current LME
GEF
Global Environment Facility
GISP
Global Invasive Species Program
GIRMAC
Gestion Intégrée des Ressources Marines et Côtières (World Bank/GEF project in Senegal)
GIWA
Global International Waters Assessment (UNEP)
Glo-Ballast II
Global Ballast Water project Phase 2 (GEF-UNDP-IMO)
GOOS
Global Ocean Observation System
GOOS-Africa
Global Ocean Observation System - African Region
GPA
Global Programme of Action for Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities
GTZ
Deutsche Gezellschaft für Technische Zuzzamenarbeit
IA
Implementing Agency
IAC
International Agricultural Centre, Wageningen, Holland
IBAP
Institute for Biodiversity & Protected Areas (Guinea Bissau)
ICAM
Integrated Coastal Area Management
ICARM
Integrated Coastal Area & River Basins Management
ICCAT
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
ICOM
Integrated Coastal & Ocean Management
ICZM
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
IDA
International Development Association
IEO
Instituto Español de Oceanogafia, Las Palmas, Tenerife
IMO
International Maritime Organization
IMROP
Institut Mauritanien de Recherche Océanographique et des Pêches
INGO
International NGO
IPIMAR
Instituto de Investigação des Pescas e do Mar, Lisbon, Portugal
IOC-UNESCO
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO
IRD
Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (France)
IRD-RAP
IRD Project: Réponses Adaptatives des Peupelements de Poissons
IRD-AMPHORE
Project : AMP et gestion Halieutique par Optimisation des Ressources et des Ecosystèmes
ISTAM
Improve Scientific and Technical Advice for Fisheries Management
IUCN
World Conservation Union
IUCN-SSC
IUCN Species Survival Commission
IW:LEARN
International Waters Learning Exchange and Resource Network
LAFG
Lost and Abandoned Fishing Gear
LBP
Land-based sources of pollution
LIFD
Low-Income Food-Deficient [country]
5
LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS
Acronym
Full Name
LME
Large Marine Ecosystem
MAVA
MAVA Foundation (PRCM donor)
M&E
Monitoring and Evaluation
MDG
Millenium Development Goals
MOLINA
Initiative de Modélisation du Littoral du Nord-Ouest de l'Afrique
MPEM
Ministère de la Pêche et de l'Economie Maritime (Mauritania)
MCS
Monitoring, Control & Surveillance
MLR
Marine Living Resources
MoU
Memorandum of Understanding
MPA
Marine Protected Areas
MSC
Marine Stewardship Council
NAP
National Action Plan
NAUTA
Initiative of Spanish Cooperation for sustainable development of African fisheries
NCU
National Coordination Unit
NEPAD
New Partnership for Africa's Development
NGO
Non Governmental Organization
NOAA
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
NPFP
National Project Focal Point
NTC
National Technical Coordinator
ODIN Africa
Oceanographic Data and Information Network for Africa
OECD
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
OMVG
Organization pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve de la Gambie
OMVS
Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur de Fleuve du Sénégal
OP
Operational Program
PAPCM
Projet d'Ajustement des Pêches Maritimes (Senegal / AfDB)
PCEAO
Pêche, Commerce et l'Environnement en Afrique de l'Ouest
PDF-B
Project Development Facility (Block B)
PBGZCGB
Coastal and Biodiversity Management Project (CBMP), Guinea Bissau
PRCM
Programme Régional de Conservation de la Zone Côtière et Marine en Afrique de l'Ouest
PSC
Project Steering Committee
PSRA
Plan Sous-Régional d'Action pour la conservation et la gestion des populations de requins
Ramsar
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 1971
RED-AFRIMAR
Red de trabajo para la gestión sostenible de los recursos pesqueros de la ecoregión África des Oeste
RPA-LBA
Regional Programme of Action on Land Based Activities
RC
Regional Coordinator (FAO)
RCU
Regional Cordination Unit
SAP
Strategic Action Plan/Program
SIAP
Système d'Information pour l'Aménagement des Pêches (= FIAS supra)
SINAPS
Système d'Information National sur la Pêche
SINEPAD
Interim Secretariat for NEPAD (Dakar)
SPA
Strategic Plan of Action
SRFC
Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (CSRP in French)
Strategic Partnership
Strategic Partnership for Sustainable Fisheries Fund for Sub-Saharan Africa (GEF/WB/FAO/WWF)
SSA
Sub-Saharan Africa
SSC
Scientific Sub-Committee
TDA
Trans-boundary Diagnostic Analysis
TF
Trust Fund
UBC
University of British Columbia
UNCLOS
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
UNDP
United Nations Development Program
UNEP
United Nations Environment Program
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNIDO
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNOPS
United Nations Operational Services Program
WACAF
West and Central Africa
WAMER
West African Marine Eco-region (WWF designation)
WB
World Bank
WWF
World Wide Fund for Nature
WSSD
World Summit on Sustainable Development
6
Table of Contents
VOLUME / Chapter
Description
Page
VOLUME I
I. Background and context
Ecosystem context
9
Socio-economic context
9
Trans-boundary concerns
10
Past & present initiatives
13
Institutional context (core commitments & linkages)
15
II. Country ownership
Country eligibility
16
Country drivenness
16
III. Program & policy conformity
Fit with focal area strategy
17
Program designation & conformity
17
IV. Baseline
Baseline activity centers
17
Intergovernmental baseline activities
17
Governmental & national baseline activities
19
Donor supported projects & programs
21
Projected scenario without GEF intervention
22
V. GEF Alternative
Overview
23
The TDA/SAP process
23
The LME Approach
23
Combining the TDA/SAP & LME approaches
24
Project preparation process
24
Engaging development partners
24
Justification
25
Project goal
26
Project objective
26
Project outcomes
26
Project structure
28
Demonstration projects
27
Innovative aspects of the project
28
Expected environmental impact
39
Detailed activities description
29
VI. Implementation
Project implementation arrangements
37
Project steering committee
40
Regional Coordination Unit
40
National Focal Points & Technical Coordinators
41
National Interministerial Committees
41
National Coordination Units
41
West African Marine & Coastal Forum
41
Thematic Technical Working Groups
42
VII. Coordination with IAs/EAs
Core commitments & linkages
42
Consultation, coordination & collaboration with other IAs and ExAs
44
Implementation / execution arrangements
45
VIII. Stakeholder involvement
Identity of major stakeholders
45
Approach to stakeholder involvement
48
Involvement of marginal groups
49
West Africa Marine & Coastal Forum
49
IX. Sustainability, replicability & risks
Sustainability
50
Replicability
52
Risks & their mitigation
52
X. Incremental costs & project financing
Incremental cost analysis
55
Baseline costs
55
Project financing
57
Project management cost
58
Consultants working for technical assistance components
58
Co-financing
58
XI. Monitoring and Evaluation
Incorporation of past lessons
59
Approach of M&E system
59
Objective & outcome indicators
60
Intermediate benchmarks and means of measurement
60
Stress reduction indicators & baseline
60
Establishing a baseline
60
Monitoring & Evaluation arrangements
61
Monitoring
61
Reporting
63
Evaluation
64
7
ANNEXES
64
1. Incremental Cost Analysis matrix
65
2. Project Logical Framework & activities
75
3. Public Involvement Plan
85
4. Institutional and implementation arrangements
95
5. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan
97
6. Preliminary Trans-boundary Diagnostic Analysis (abridged)
106
7. Past, existing & emerging initiatives
123
8. Demonstration projects (summaries)
129
9. STAP & GEFSEC Reviews & agency responses
135
10. Maps of the Project Area
141
11. Co-financing commitments letters
142
12. National endorsement letters
143
8
PART I BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT
Ecosystem context
1.
The Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME) is defined as an ocean space (including
afferent estuaries) extending southwards from the Atlantic coast of Morocco to the Bijagos Archipelago
of Guinea Bissau and westwards to the Canary Islands (Spain) and the western extent of the North West
African continental shelf (corresponding approximately with the EEZs of the coastal states). The
countries within the recognized limits of the CCLME are Spain (Canary Islands), Morocco, Mauritania,
Senegal, The Gambia and Guinea Bissau. The waters of Cape Verde and Guinea are considered adjacent
areas within the zone of influence of the CCLME. The waters of Madeira (Portugal) and Sierra Leone
might also be considered within the zone of influence of the CCLME but are not included in the present
project. The CCLME lies within FAO Fisheries Area 34.
2.
The CCLME comprises a diverse assemblage of marine and coastal ecosystems and three
distinct zones 1) a northern, sub-tropical, upwelling zone centred off northern Mauritania with minmal
river inputs; 2) a southern, tropical, estuarine zone, centred off Guinea Bissau and extending from
Senegal to Guinea, dominated by estuaries and mangroves and 3) a western, sub-tropical to tropical,
oceanic zone (including the Canaries and the adjacent waters of Cape Verde).
3.
The CCLME is one of the world's major cold water upwelling boundary current LMEs,
ranking 3rd in the world in terms of primary productivity after the Humboldt and Benguela currents
and having the highest fisheries production of any African LME (annual production ranges from 2 to 3
million tonnes). Aquatic productivity in the CCLME is driven by the combined influences of the wind-
driven upwelling system centered between Morocco and Mauritania and the substantial seasonal
inputs of nutrients from rivers draining into the southern part of the CCLME (rivers of Senegal,
Gambia, Corubal and Kogon). Nutrient enriched waters are entrained by the Canary Current
southwards from Morocco to Guinea (extending as far as Sierra Leone in February-March) and
westwards towards the Cape Verde islands.
4.
A large part of the fishery resources of the CCLME undertake trans-boundary migrations: the
smaller pelagic fishes (typically sardines, sardinellas, mackerels and horse-mackerels) remain
relatively close to shore but migrate between EEZs. Certain larger, near-shore coastal pelagic species
(mullets, meagres, bluefish) make seasonal north-south migrations.3 The tunas (predominantly
yellowfin, skipjack and bigeye) make long-distance movements both in and out of this LME and the
EEZs of the six countries. Although less mobile, demersal species undertake seasonal movements and
populations often straddle the EEZs. Many fish species depend on estuarine habitats for part of their life
cycles.
5.
The CCLME coastal zone also provides important goods and services to coastal states including
provision of critical fish habitat, wood from mangroves and provision of coastal and marine space for
agriculture, aquaculture, urban development, tourism and transport. The CCLME is a vital food and
economic resource not only for coastal populations bordering the LME, but also for much of Western
Africa. Sustainable stewardship of the CCLME is essential for achievement of Millenium Development
Goals in Africa.
Socio-economic context
6.
Socio-economic conditions in countries bordering the CCLME and adjacent areas range from
highly developed, high income, countries (Spain (Canaries), Portugal (Madeira)), through middle income
(Morocco) to transitional (Cape Verde) and low-income, food-deficient, countries (Senegal, Guinea
Bissau, Guinea), the two Guineas ranking among the poorest countries in the world according to
published Human Development Indicators.
3 The migratory coastal species form the subject of a specific trans-boundary management project of IUCN
9
7.
The fisheries in the Canary Current LME are of major economic and social importance in that
they provide sustainable livelihoods, fish-protein supplies and revenue for the coastal populations and
states of the region. In Morocco, Mauritania and Senegal, for example, marine fish accounts respectively
for 25%, 30% and 80% of protein consumption by coastal populations. In the SRFC countries alone
(Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mauritania & Senegal) fisheries support an estimated one
million jobs, including about 100,000 artisanal fishermen operating 20,000 pirogues and 1,000 industrial
vessels. Coastal artisanal fishermen make substantial migrations within the region, and fish and fish
products are traded extensively across national borders. Annual landings from the CCLME in 2003
included around 1.6 million tonnes of pelagic fishes (excluding tuna); 80,000 t of tuna; 260,000 t of
demersal fishes together with 130,000 t of other marine fishes, plus 80,000 t of cephalopods; 8,000 t of
non-cephalopod molluscs and 17,000 t of crustaceans (mainly shallow water penaeid and deep water
rose shrimps), representing a total landed value of about US$ 2 billion4 or around 10% of the
combined GDP of the SRFC countries).
8.
Apart from fisheries, marine, coastal and estuarine zones are highly important for other
economic sectors including energy (hydroelectric dams, onshore and offshore petroleum exploitation),
agriculture (irrigated flood plains), human settlement and urbanization, transport (both land and sea),
industry, trade and tourism. Coastal and estuarine ecosystems provide vital goods and services including
supply of fresh water (ground water, river water), construction materials (wood from mangroves &
coastal forests, beach sand), provision of space for human settlement and urban growth and coastal
defense (mangroves, beaches, dune systems). The countries of the CCLME, particularly the islands
(Canaries, Madeira, Cape Verde) and Senegal & The Gambia, depend increasingly on the quality of their
marine and coastal environments for coastal tourism and recreation.
Trans-boundary concerns
9.
The countries of the region, with the support of the GEF (PDF-B funds), UNEP, FAO, SRFC,
NOAA and others, have undertaken a Preliminary Trans-boundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) in order
to identify, analyze, prioritize and propose solutions to address priority environmental concerns relating
to trans-boundary issues affecting the environmental goods & services of CCLME (Annex 6). In addition
to a broader, participatory regional level process, each country undertook its own participatory national
process including a national stakeholder consultation.
10.
According to the results of the Preliminary TDA workshop, held from 18-20 July 2006 and
adopted unanimously by country representatives at the final sub-regional consultation on 5 September
2006, the principal trans-boundary concerns5 of the CCLME countries relate to 1) declining marine
living resources; 2) degradation of habitat and 3) declining water quality, further broken down into a
total of 15 specific trans-boundary problems (6 in fisheries, 3 in habitats and 6 in water quality). General
and specific priority issues are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Priority trans-boundary issues for the CCLME identified by the Preliminary TDA
Declining marine living resources
Habitat degradation
Declining water quality
Decline and/or vulnerability of
Disappearance and destruction of
Salinity changes in estuarine and
small pelagic resources
mangroves
terrestrial coastal environment
Decline of demersal resources
Degradation and modification of
Oil pollution
(finfish, cephalopods & crustaceans)
seabed and seamounts
Eutrophication of coastal waters due
Decline of, and threats to,
Degradation and modification of
to nutrient inputs
vulnerable sharks & rays
wetlands (sensu Ramsar : coastal
Alien invasive species
Decline of marine turtles
zones, coral reefs, estuaries)
Sediment mobilisation
Decline of marine mammals
Toxicity from pesticides
Uncertain status & impacts of tuna
fisheries
4 Within the FAO-CECAF Major Fishing Area 34, Divisions 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.9, 2.0, 3.1, 3.2, and 4.2.
5 A trans-boundary concern is identified as one that cannot be addressed by countries acting alone
10
11.
Background to fisheries issues In addition to the regional and national stakeholder
consultations and reports from various specialized (expert) working groups, the Preliminary TDA
benefited from a comprehensive report on trans-boundary fisheries issues for the CCLME 6 . Fisheries of
the northern zone of the CCLME have undergone several decades of intensive fishing activity, and most
are classified as either fully or overexploited. Recent assessments of the FAO Working Group7 on the
assessment of small pelagic fish off North West Africa concluded that 5 of the 10 stocks studied were
found to be either fully or over-exploited. Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) stocks (the most important for
the region) have been subject to large, unpredictable, fluctuations, indicating vulnerability. While not
intensively exploited in the southern area of its distribution, the Central sardine stock was found to be
overexploited. Round sardine (Sardinella aurita), with catches of around 300,000 tonnes in 2006, has
been showing an overall downward trend in biomass since 1999, although with a slight increase in
20068. More than half of the demersal stocks studied, targeted both by artisanal and industrial fishing,
are overexploited9,10. Substantial reductions in biomass have been reported for some of the main species
(e.g. Laurans, 2005). Recent calls have been made for efforts to restore the CCLME's declining demersal
fisheries11. Declines in landings are particularly acute for demersal resources12, yet these are the most
critical to artisanal fishing communities and therefore to poverty reduction13. Shark and ray resources,
supplying international demand for fins and regional demand for food, are subject to intensive over-
exploitation throughout most of the region by artisanal fisheries and are an important part of the by-catch
of long line tuna fisheries. Out of 33 species assessed by regional members of the IUCN-SSC Sharks
Specialists group, 15 were reclassified as either critically endangered (8 species), vulnerable (4) or near
threatened (3)14. Non-finfish yields, especially those for octopus, have shown marked declines since the
early 1990s 15, 16. Lobster fisheries in both Cape Verde and Mauritania are in decline. Discards (estimated
at 250,000-350,000 tonnes) have been cited as a further problem, particularly associated with cephalopod
and shrimp trawl fisheries 17, 18. Shrimp fisheries in the southern part of the zone are showing signs of
over-exploitation.19
6 Resources, fisheries & trans-boundary problems in the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem. By Merete Tandstad,
Birane Samb, Asberr Mendy, Ana Maria Caramelo, Mika Diop & Andrew Cooke. July, 2006. 92 pages.
7 Report of the 7th Meeting of the FAO Working Group on the Assessment of Small Pelagic Fish off Northwest Africa,
Agadir, Morocco, 17-26 April 2007. FAO Fisheries report (in preparation).
8Report of the FAO Working Group on the Assessment of Small Pelagic Fish off Northwest Africa. Nouadhibou, Mauritania
25 April-5 May 2005. FAO Fisheries report No 782 (in press)
9 FAO Fishery Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic. 2006. Report of the FAO/CECAF Working Group on the
Assessment of Demersal Resources-Subgroup North. Saly, Senegal, 14-23 September 2004. CECAF/ECAF Serie No. 06/68.
Rome, Fao. 2006. 219p.
10 FAO/Fishery Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic/Comité des pêches pour l'Atlantique Centre-Est. Report of the
fourth session of the Scientific Sub-Committee. Accra, Ghana,2426 October, 2005. Rapport de la quatrième session du
Sous-Comité scientifique. Accra, Ghana,2426 octobre 2005. FAO Fisheries Report/FAO Rapport sur les pêches. No. 800
Accra, FAO. 2005. 52p.
11 European Commission, 2005. Rebuilding our marine ecosystems, protecting our future. Key findings of the International
Symposium on Marine Fisheries, Ecosystems and Societies in West Africa Half a Century of Change. Dakar, Senegal, 24-
28 June 2002. 21 pages.
12 See for example the PhD thesis of Laurans, M., which finds 8 demersal species in steep decline (Laurans, M., 2005.
Ressources et exploitations "démersales" en Afrique de l'Ouest : Evaluation des stocks, dynamique des populations et
approche écosystémique. UPR Mesh d'Agrocampus Rennes. January 2005. 303 pp + annexe 13.
13 Failler, P & Samb, B, 2005. Present and future economic and nutritional consequences of the exploitation of small pelagics
(sardinellas) in West Africa. Positioning paper (draft version for comments). Prepared for the Sustainable Fisheries Livelihoods
Programme, DfID/FAO. CEMARE, Portsmouth, UK. April 2005.
14 IUCN-SSC Sharks Specialists Group West Africa Red List Assessment Workshop, Dakar, June 12-16. 2006
15 Review of the state of world marine fishery resources (2005) FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 457.
16 Report of the 17th Session of the Fishery Management Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic (Dakar, Senegal 24-27
May 2004. FAO Fisheries Report No. 754. 57p.
17 Balguerias, E. (1997). Discards in Fisheries Form the Eastern Central Atlantic. In Technical Consultation on Reduction of
Wastage in Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan, FAO Fisheries Report N° 547 Supplement.
18 Kelleher, K.. Discards in the world's marine fisheries. An update. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 470, Rome. FAO,
2005. 131 p.
19 See reference 5 above
11
12.
According to the Preliminary TDA, the generic underlying causes of declining marine living
resources were identified as:
· over-capacity of fishing fleets (both industrial and artisanal);
· ecosystem complexity & variability;
· weak management & MCS;
· lack of scientific and technical capacity for management and
·
poor stakeholder participation.
IUUs are considered a significant problem, particularly for the southern states (Senegal, The Gambia,
Guinea-Bissau, Guinea) and Cape Verde. Fisheries conflicts are increasing between artisanal and
industrial fleets and between neighboring states. The artisanal fleet of Senegal, which has fished outside
the country's borders for many years, has undergone rapid, uncontrolled expansion and is seeking
opportunities for extension into offshore industrial fishing grounds and waters of neighboring states.
Fisheries conflicts are especially acute in Senegal, where they have led to several deaths and many
injuries. The massive expansion of attempted illegal immigration to the Canary Islands from Senegal has
been linked to the crisis in the artisanal fishing sector, when carrying illegal immigrants, despite the high
risks involved, offers greater returns than using vessels for fishing.20
13.
Background to habitat degradation & threatened species concerns the principal forms of
habitat degradation having trans-boundary consequences relate to disappearance or degradation of
estuarine and wetland habitats (particularly mangroves) and damage to benthic habitat due to trawling.
Damage to sea mounts due to trawling was also identified as an emerging concern. The direct causes of
mangrove loss are over-harvesting of wood, salinity changes (mainly due to river dams) and
sedimentation from soil erosion from river basins, while underlying causes include dam construction,
urban encroachment and the absence of national and regional policies for conservation of mangroves.
Damage to benthic habitats is primarily due to trawling and sedimentation, for which underlying causes
include inadequately regulated fishing and an absence of information or policy in relation to critical
habitats and upland erosion due to unsustainable agricultural practices. The degradation of wetlands is
mainly due to hydro-electric and irrigation schemes upstream of rivers flowing into the coastal zone and,
again, the absence of any systematic policy for conservation of these critical habitats. Habitats are also
affected by changing water quality (see below).
14.
Threats to biodiversity and endangered species are a further concern for the countries of the
CCLME. Cetaceans are threatened by reduced abundance of prey, by direct interactions with fisheries
and by petroleum exploration21. Sea turtle nesting rates have significantly declined, presumably due to
the indirect impacts of fishing, loss of suitable nesting sites, beach sand mining and human hunting in the
southern countries. Sharks have undergone a substantial decrease in abundance and sawfish (Pristidae),
the symbol of the Central Bank for West Africa (BCEAO), appears virtually extinct. The endangered
manatee survives in small populations in the estuaries of Casamance, Senegal and areas of Guinea
Bissau but appears to be extinct in the Senegal river delta, due to loss of habitat.
15.
Background to changes in water quality the principal forms of water quality change are
salinity changes upstream as well as downstream of river mouths, oil pollution (which presents an
increasing threat in the CCLME), localized eutrophication of coastal waters associated with population
centers, alien invasive species, changes in sediment transport and toxicity from pesticides. The Djama
dam was constructed on the lower Senegal river to prevent saltwater penetration into irrigated areas
and has resulted in salinization and habitat loss in the lower section of the river and the movement of
euryhaline species, thus affecting ecosystem processes. The Gambia, Casamance and Corubal rivers
are among the CCLME's only remaining naturally functional estuaries which are important to
maintain. Pollution from land-based sources (LBP) is particularly severe in coastal hotspots such as
20 http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=55215&SelectRegion=West_Africa
21 One of the identified impacts of foraging, confirmed by an event in Mauritania, is that seismic surveys cause large scale
mortality of cetaceans through ear damage (P. Tous, pers. comm..).
12
Hann Bay, Dakar, where coastal waters are polluted and anoxic, causing losses in fishery resources
and marine biodiversity, human health risks and loss of amenity value, although its trans-boundary
impact is not yet known. While only very limited data exist for the CCLME, global modeling studies
of nitrogen and other river-born inputs to LMEs predict that total inputs of dissolved organic carbon,
nitrogen and phosphorous are extremely low in the arid countries of the CCLME (Morocco,
Mauritania, Cape Verde) and higher in the wetter countries (Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau,
Guinea). The current anthropogenic contribution to N and P inputs ranges from 50-100% in the north
to 0-10% in the south while natural sources of dissolved organic C, N & P still probably account for
90-100% of inputs overall.22,23
16.
The risk of oil pollution is a particular emerging concern, especially for countries with
sensitive coastal habitats and which are dependent on tourism. Offshore drilling has recently begun in
Mauritania and was the subject of an environmental impact assessment24 and other studies25. A
foraging program was recently announced by the Senegal government and future exploration may
identify potential oil fields in the EEZs of Guinea Bissau and Guinea. A potential risk of oil extraction
is that accidental discharges would be carried by the Canary Current to the sensitive downstream
coastal ecosystems of Guinea Bissau and Guinea, or westwards to Cape Verde. A recent observation
of Mauritanian fish traps washed up on the beaches of Cape Verde confirms this risk (P. Campredon,
pers. comm..).
17. Socio-economic consequences of the issues - The socio-economic consequences flowing from the
above concerns are various and ramified, but include increased poverty (reduced incomes amongst
artisanal fishermen & fish workers), reduced food security, reduced government revenues from
industrial fisheries, increased conflict within the fisheries sector, loss of tourism and recreational
amenities and significant human health problems associated with contaminated seafood and pollution.
The underlying causes are equally diverse - the 1st CCLME Regional Stakeholders' Workshop identified
unregulated external market forces, lack of cooperation between states and limited access to relevant
information by policy and decision-makers as key areas for attention.
Past and present initiatives
18.
Various initiatives in the West African region (Annex 8) have sought or are seeking to address
some of the trans-boundary concerns identified, although they have primarily been sector-based,
national in focus or research orientated. Relevant initiatives include international or regional
conventions, institutional frameworks, research networks, programs and projects. While these
initiatives are unlikely to lead to regional cooperation to address these issues using an ecosystem-
based approach, they constitute valuable foundation upon which to build the GEF alternative.
Fisheries initiatives
19. In the fisheries sector, one of the longest standing regional efforts is the Fishery Committee for
the Eastern Central Atlantic (CECAF), established by FAO in 1967 to (a) facilitate the coordination of
research and to encourage education and training and (b) to assist its members in an advisory
management capacity in establishing rational policies to promote the rational management of
resources.CECAF covers the Atlantic coast of Africa from Morocco in the North to Angola in the
South and all CCLME countries are members of CECAF. Also longstanding (est. 1969) is the
22 Harrison, J.A., N. Caraco & S. P. Seitzinger, 2005. Global patterns and sources of dissolved organic matter export to the
coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit global model. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol 19, GB4SO4,
doi:10.1029/2005GB002480, 2005.
23 Dumont, E., J. A. Harrison, C. Kroeze, E. J. Bakker & S. P. Seitzinger, 2005. Global distribution and sources of dissolved
inorganic nitrogen export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit global model. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,
Vol 19, GB4SO2, doi:10.1029/2005GB002488, 2005.
24 Chinguetti Development Project Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), Final. January 2005. Woodside Petroleum
25 Kloff, S & C Wicks, undated. Gestion environnementale de l'exploitation de pétrole offshore et du transport maritime
pétrolier. PRCM, Mauritania. 81 pp.; Semelin, J, undated. Synthèse bibliograpgique à propos des impacts écologiques et des
aspects réglementaires de l'exploitation pétrolière en mer. PRCM, Mauritania. 65 pp.
13
International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas and its Commission (ICCAT) that
promotes cooperation in maintaining tuna and associated species at MSY levels. ICCAT covers the
Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas. CCLME country members include Cape Verde, Guinea, Morocco
and Senegal.
20.
Also significant for the fisheries sector has been the establishment in 1985 of the Sub-Regional
Fisheries Commission (SRFC), grouping Cape Verde, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mauritania, Senegal, The
Gambia and (since 2004) Sierra Leone. The goal of the SRFC is to ensure sustainable use of marine
living resources in SRFC countries through three specific objectives: 1) coordinated policies and access
regulations; 2) collaboration in management of common interest fisheries and 3) conservation and
protection of marine living resources and marine and coastal ecosystems. Significant projects within the
SRFC program in recent years have included AFR/013/LUX, a project funded by Luxemburg to support
the development of a regional MCS network (with technical assistance from FAO via project
GCP/INT/722/LUX). For the purposes of the present project, SRFC will serve as FAO's principal
counterpart agency and will provide the location for the project regional coordination unit (RCU).
21.
Many of the countries of Western Africa, including all the states of the SRFC and Morocco, are
linked through the 1991 Regional Convention on Fisheries Cooperation among African States
Bordering the Atlantic Ocean (ATLAFCO, or COMHAFAT in French). An initiative of Morocco, this
agreement aims primarily to promote cooperation and solidarity among West African states in the
development and management of fisheries. ATLAFCO is the only international convention that links all
CCLME states and thus provides part of the foundation of the present project.
22.
As regards projects in the fisheries sector, one regional project of particular relevance is the
project entitled `International Cooperation with the Nansen Programme: Fisheries Management and
Marine Environment' of FAO (funded by Norway) which has been working towards the introduction
of a mechanism for improved regional cooperation in the development, research, and management of
the small-pelagic fisheries in the North-west Africa region. The project "Strengthening the Knowledge
Base for and Implementing an Ecosystem Approach to Marine Fisheries in Developing Countries"
also funded by Norway aims to provide the fisheries research institutions and management
administrations in the participating countries with additional knowledge on their ecosystems for their
use in planning and monitoring, and to further the acceptance of the key principles of the EAF. The
Swedish funded project `Assistance in the Management and Development of the Fisheries of the
Eastern Central Atlantic Area CECAF" (GCP/RAF/397/SWE) aims to build capacity of staff of the
fisheries research institutions in participating countries to enable them to carry out improved
assessment and monitoring of the status of pelagic and demersal resources at national, sub-regional
and regional levels and to analyze fisheries management and exploitation options aimed at ensuring
optimal and sustainable use of such resources in both off-shore and coastal fisheries. The CCLME
Project will cooperate closely with all of the projects at various stages of its implementation.
23.
With respect to recent but now finalized projects, one project of relevance has been the FIAS
Project (Fisheries Information & Analysis Systems Project), funded by the European Union (1999-
2003) and also benefiting from technical assistance from FAO. FIAS focused primarily on promoting
cooperation between fisheries research institutions in West African (Guinea, Guinea Bissau, The
Gambia, Senegal, Mauritania, Cape Verde) and European countries (Spain, Portugal, France & Italy).
(The key outputs of FIAS were the compilation of historical fisheries catch data from different
countries in to regional databases (Statbase, Trawlbase, STO), status assessments for various demersal
species, training in applications of GIS for fisheries and a final symposium). However, while linked to
SRFC, FIAS did not engage fisheries management authorities of the region.
Habitat related initiatives
24.
In relation to pollution and ecosystem health, a number of the states of West and Central Africa
(WACAF) are linked through the Abidjan Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and
Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment. Of the CCLME countries, the convention has
14
been ratified by Senegal and Guinea and signed (but not yet been ratified) by Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau
and Mauritania. Morocco is currently excluded but has ratified the Regional Seas Convention for the
Mediterranean. The convention does not extend to Spain or Portugal. The Convention has an Emergency
Protocol for dealing with disasters such as oil spills, which is to be revised, and is developing a new
protocol on land-based sources of pollution and land-based activities. Most of the CCLME countries
have ratified or indicated an intention to ratify the Abidjan Convention, which thus contributes to the
institutional foundation of the present project.
25.
The principal regional initiative for habitat and species conservation is PRCM (Programme
Régional de Conservation des Zones Marines et Côtières de l'Afrique de l'Ouest), being a common
program of action linking a consortium of international NGOs (IUCN, WWF, FIBA and Wetlands
International) founded in 2002. In June 2003, PRCM entered into a cooperation and partnership
agreement with the SRFC which hosts the shark fisheries component of the PRCM program. A
significant achievement of PRCM has been the development of a regional MPA strategy that was signed
by ministers responsible for fisheries and environment of the SRFC member countries in 200326. PRCM
is currently approaching the end of its 1st phase (2002-2007). PRCM and PRCM donors participated
actively in the preparation of the present project. Phase 2 of PRCM (2008-2012) will for the most part
comprise activities re-directed to be within the framework of the present project and thus represent a
major part of the co-financing for this project.
Water quality related initiatives
26.
Initiatives addressing water quality issues have only recently begun to emerge in the CCLME
region. At the global level, certain CCLME countries have been approached as potential hosts for
development of ballast water treatment and invasive species control capacity (Guinea, Senegal), while
potentially all those awarding or considering petroleum concessions (Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea
Bissau) are potentially interested in developing capacity for ballast water treatment. The present
project has established links with the GEF-supported Globallast initiative (GEF/UNDP/IMO).
However, no activities have commenced.
27.
At the regional level, the PRCM is addressing the issue of pollution from the developing
offshore petroleum industry, which has had a considerable influence on the conduct of the EIA in
relation to the Chinguetti oilfield drilling concession awarded to Woodside Petroleum by the
government of Mauritania27 and has resulted in various publications28 and resolutions on the issue at
the West African Marine & Coastal Forum29 Also significant at the regional level is the GEF/UNDP
project supporting improved management of the River Senegal estuary, which includes the
establishment of an environmental observatory and which is beginning to address the impacts of
restricted freshwater flow and reduced salt water penetration on estuarine ecosystems.
28.
At the national level, an initiative of particular note is the Hann Bay Action Plan project in
Senegal, which has undertaken beach cleaning operations and is supporting the introduction of
controls on industrial effluent discharge into Hann Bay, a popular bay within the city limits of Dakar.
This appears to be the only initiative of its kind in the CCLME region. Cape Verde, which depends on
seawater desalination, is acutely concerned about the water quality but as yet has no projects
addressing the issue. Morocco has a GEF/UNDP project addressing the maritime transport of toxic
chemicals.
26 Regional Strategy for Marine Protected Areas in West Africa, 2003.
27 Woodside Petroleum, 2005 (supra)
28 Kloff & Wicks, undated (supra)
29 PRCM, 2006
15
PART II COUNTRY OWNERSHIP
Country eligibility
29.
The countries are eligible under paragraph 9(b) of the GEF Instrument.
Country drivenness
30.
All the countries have ratified the principal global conventions (UNCLOS, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Ramsar) whose objectives will be promoted by the project. All countries have also
declared their adherence to relevant voluntary global codes such as Agenda 21, WSSD, Millenium
Goals (MDGs) and the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF).
31.
At the pan-African level, all countries, with the exception of Morocco, are signatories to the
New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). LME programs have specifically been adopted
by NEPAD, with the Regional Seas conventions, as a common framework for action on the marine
and coastal environments of Africa.
32.
At the regional level, the countries are linked by one or more of the Abidjan Convention, the
Global Program of Action for Protection of the Marine & Coastal Environment from Land-based
Activities (GPA), the Dakar Convention (ATLAFCO), ICCAT and the Convention for the
Establishment of the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC). While Morocco is not a member of
the Abidjan or SRFC conventions, it hosts ATLAFCO which links all countries in the project. While
Cape Verde, Mauritania and Guinea Bissau have not ratified the Abidjan convention, all have
indicated an intention to do so. All countries, including Morocco, are members of CECAF (Table 2).
Table 2- Adherence to global & regional instruments
Conventions and Agreements
Regional Bodies
Country
UNCLOS
CBD
UNFCCC
Ramsar
Abidjan
GPA
ICCAT
SRFC
CECAF
ATLAFCO
Cape Verde
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
Gambia
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
Guinea
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
Guinea Bissau
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
X
Mauritania
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
X
Morocco
-
X
X
X
**
-
X
*
X
X
Senegal
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sierra Leone
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
*Morocco's membership of SRFC is under discussion
**Barcelona Regional Seas convention for the Mediterranean ratified by Morocco
33.
At the national level, all states have promulgated generically similar national policies on
poverty reduction, environment and natural resources. The CCLME project will assist participating
countries in achieving the objectives of their respective national policies, particularly through helping
countries maintain the productivity and integrity of their marine and coastal ecosystems, to increase
national benefits from such resources and thereby reduce poverty. The CCLME Project aims to
provide the CCLME countries with a framework for progress in the direction of ecosystem-based
management, by recognizing the basic linkages between scientific assessments, protection of the
marine environment, sustainable development of coastal and marine resources, and poverty
alleviation.
34.
National policies of particular relevance to the CCLME include signature and/or ratification of
the Abidjan and ATLAFCO conventions, declared commitment to the GPA, adherence to the SRFC,
cooperation in MCS, universal adoption of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
(including the recent annex promoting an ecosystem approach to fisheries), the revision in some cases
of fisheries policies & laws, and the consolidation of existing and establishment of new MPAs.
16
PART III PROGRAMME AND POLICY CONFORMITY
Fit with Focal Area Strategy
35.
The project responds to GEF IW Strategic Objective 1 (To foster international, multi-state
cooperation on priority transboundary water concerns through more comprehensive, ecosystem-based
approaches to management) and IW Strategic Program 1 Restoring and sustaining coastal and
marine fish stocks and associated biological diversity. Marine-based pollution concerns affecting
fisheries and coastal habitats (particularly from offshore petroleum extraction) will also be addressed.
The CCLME project will support ecosystem approaches to assessment and management, building
capacity and promoting multi-country agreement on collective action to address the identified priority
issues. Particular attention will be paid to identifying the minimum environmental flows in rivers
required to ensure sustenance for downstream coastal and marine ecosystems and the fostering of an
enabling environment for action, supported by targeted learning, knowledge management and capacity
building to replicate good practices.
36.
While the CCLME project does not respond directly to IW Strategic Objective 2 ("To play a
catalytic role in addressing transboundary water concerns by assisting countries to utilize the full range
of technical assistance, economic, financial, regulatory and institutional reforms that are needed"), the
CCLME project does reflect the shift in GEF4 towards on-the-ground implementation and innovative
demonstration projects by supporting certain policy reforms and demonstration stress reduction
measures prior to elaboration of the SAP. The CCLME project co-finance ratio is close to 3:1,
consistent with an SO2-type project.
Program Designation and Conformity
37.
The project will specifically contribute to GEF Waterbody-Based Operational Program #8.
The project will reinforce other GEF investments in the Biodiversity focal are under Operational
Program #2 - Coastal, Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. Of particular importance in this category
are national ICM projects implemented by the World Bank in Senegal (GIRMAC), Gambia (ICAM),
Guinea Bissau (PBGZCGB) and Guinea (PGIRN). Under Operational Program #9 (Integrated Land
and Water Multiple Focal Area), the project will pursue linkages with IWRM programs supported by
GEF relating to the Senegal River basin and executed by the OMVS (Senegal River Basin
Development Authority). The project will also contribute to adaptation to climate change in particular
through synergies with the UNDP/UNESCO-IOC regional climate adaptation project for West Africa
(known as `ACCC').
PART IV BASELINE
Baseline activity centers
38. The preparation phase of the CCLME project was used, inter alia, to scope the full range of
baseline activities relevant to the proposed CCLME project. Baseline activities relevant to the CCLME
are conducted through activity centers at various levels - intergovernmental, governmental & national
and through donor-supported projects and programs.
Intergovernmental baseline activities
39. Table 3 presents intergovernmental baseline activities relevant to the CCLME project. The activity
centers with the largest consumption of resources concern fisheries (ICCAT, SRFC, ATLAFCO,
CECAF) and river basin management & development (OMVS, OMVG). The major environmental
intergovernmental baseline activity centers are the Abidjan Convention Secretariat (which concerns
17
the whole of West Africa) and two NEPAD centers (SINEPAD & COSMAR) (which cover all of
Africa).
Table 3 Intergovernmental baseline activity centers relevant to the CCLME project
Center
CCLME Countries
Goal
Relevant activities
Limitations
CECAF
All CCLME
Sustainable fisheries
Resource assessments
Weak link to
countries
management through
Information exchange
management, sector-
provision of scientific
Small-scale fisheries
based
advice
Management advice
Policy development
ICCAT
Cape Verde, Guinea,
Cooperation to
Research (assessment of Weak participation of
Morocco, Senegal
maintain tuna &
tunas & associated
CCLME countries,
(covers entire
associated stocks at
species, oceanography)
sector-based, narrow
Atlantic Ocean)
MSY levels
and management (has
focus on tuna &
authority to limit
associated species
catches within country
EEZs and to regulate
imports)
ATLAFCO
All CCLME
Cooperation in
Technical meetings and
Region wide, sector-
Secretariat
countries
development &
studies
based, consultative
management of
fisheries
Sub-Regional
Cape Verde,
Coordinated policies;
All activities of the
Sector-based, advisory
Fisheries
Gambia, Guinea,
management and
SRFC are relevant to
Commission
Guinea Bissau,
conservation of shared
CCLME objectives
(SRFC), Dakar
Mauritania, Senegal,
fisheries
Sierra Leone
NEPAD Secretariat,
All Africa
Implementation of
Activities relating to
Sector-based,
Midrand, S. Africa
NEPAD fisheries
fisheries policy in
primarily monitoring
policy
CCLME region
Organization for the Senegal, Mauritania,
Food sufficiency,
Environmental
Continental focus
Valorization of the
Mali (Guinea to be
human revenues,
Observatory (ecological
River Senegal
re-integrated)
ecological balance,
balance & water
(OMVS), Dakar
reduced vulnerability,
quality) & associated
economic
activities
development
Organization for the Gambia, Senegal,
Energy (hydro-electric
Environmental
Continental focus
Valorization of the
Guinea Bissau,
dams), food security
assessment of proposed
River Gambia
Guinea (covers
and communications
dams along the River
(OMVG), Dakar
Gambia,
Gambia
Géba/Kayanga &
Corubal/Koliba river
basins)
Agency for
Senegal & Guinea
Cooperative
Resources assessment & Limited to shared EEZ
Management &
Bissau
development of
management
of Senegal and Guinea
Cooperation
fisheries and
Exploration & mapping
Bissau
between Senegal &
petroleum in shared
Information
Guinea Bissau
sector of EEZ
management
(AGC)
Abidjan Convention All CCLME
Protection &
CoPs, support & other
Primarily concerned
(secretariat in
countries except
development of the
activities relating to
with land-based
Nairobi & regional
Morocco & Spain
marine & coastal
CCLME countries
activities
coordination unit in
(Cape Verde, Guinea environment
Abidjan)
Bissau & Mauritania
have yet to ratify)
SINEPAD (linked
All Africa
Stable environment in
Coordination,
Pan-African, primarily
to Ministry for
Africa
communication & other
monitoring
Environment,
activities relating to
Senegal, Dakar)
marine & coastal
COSMAR, Nairobi,
All Africa
Stable marine &
environment of CCLME
Kenya
coastal environments
countries
around Africa
18
Government & national baseline activities
40. Centers for government baseline and national activities related to the project identified are
presented in Table 4. The list is non-exhaustive but is considered to capture the majority of centers for
current government and national baseline activities that are relevant to the CCLME project, based on
the information gathered by the national preparation process in each country. Government & national
baseline activities comprise essentially the activities of government departments or para-statals
concerned with fisheries (marine & estuarine), environment and other economic activities affecting the
marine and coastal zone (mines & energy, water, agriculture, marine transport etc.), national
professional associations and national technical or research institutes in the related domains.
Table 4 Activity centers for governmental & national baseline activities
Country
Fisheries
Environment
Others
Institutes
Cape Verde
Directorate for
Directorate for
National association of
INDP
Fisheries
Environment and its
merchant shipping
departments
Maritime & Ports
Industrial fishing
Port Authorities
Institute
association
Directorate of :
National Institute of
Fishers' Associations
Land management
Meteorology &
Geophysics
Tourism development
Coastguard
Gambia
Fisheries Department
National Environment Gambia Navy
None
GAMFIDA (fisheries
Agency (NEA)
development agency)
Central Statistics
Association of
Department of Parks
Department
Gambia Fishing
& Wildlife
Companies
Management
Forestry Department
National Association
of Artisanal Fisheries
Department of Water
Organizations
Resources
(NAAFO)
Gambia Tourism
Authority
Guinea
Ministry of Fisheries
Ministry for
Observatory for
CERESCOR
& Aquaculture
Environment
Maritime Guinea
including:
including directions
CNSHB
Direction of Fisheries
& centers for:
National Direction for
National Center for
Prevention of
Merchant Shipping
Fisheries Protection
Pollution &
& Surveillance
Nuisances
Maritime Navigation
National Fisheries
Protection of Nature
Agency
Observatory
CNPEMMZC (see
abbreviations)
Directorate of
Professional fishers'
Protected Areas
Meteorology
associations (various)
Management
Environmental
Directorate of Mines
Research
Coastal Zone
Direction for Waters
Observatory
& Forests
Guinea Bissau
Ministry of Fisheries
Ministry for
Ministry of Agriculture
CIPA
& Maritime Economy Environment
including:
including:
including:
National Institute of
Coastal Zone Planning
Applied Research &
Directorate of
Directorate of
Unit (GPC)
Technology
Fisheries
Environment
IBAP (Institute for
Biodiversity & Protected
Areas)
Mauritania
Ministry for Fisheries
Directorate of
Directorate of Merchant
IMROP
19
& Maritime Economy Environment (Min. of Marine (littoral
including:
Rural Development & management & more
Fisheries directions
Environment)
typical functions)
(several)
Banc D'Arguin
Directorate of Land
Fisher associations
National Park
Management (littoral
DSPCM (Fisheries
(PNBA)
management)
surveillance)
Directorate of Mines
including services for:
Hydrocarbons
Environmental Affairs
Port Authorities
Morocco
Ministry for Marine
Ministry for Land
Royal Navy
INRH
Fisheries (MPM)
Management, Water
including the
& Environment
National Meteorological Research Unit on the
Directorates for:
Direction
Conservation of Natural
Maritime
(various directorates)
resources
Fisheries &
Aquaculture
Marine Training
Juridical Affairs
Fishing Industries
Human resources
International
Cooperation
Federation of
Maritime Fisheries
Chambers
Senegal
Directorate of
Directorate of
Directorate of Tourism
Centre for Ecological
Fisheries
Environment
Monitoring
Directorate for the
CRODT
Directorate for
Directorate of
exploitation of the sea
Dakar Research Institute
Protection &
National Parks
bed
(ISD)
Surveillance of
Sciences Faculty
Fisheries
Directorate of Water
Directorate of Merchant
(UCAD)
& Forests
Shipping
University Institute for
Unit for studies &
Fisheries & Aquaculture
planning
(IUPA)
Institute of
Fisheries associations
Environmental Sciences
(various)
41.
The activities actually conducted through the above centers correspond to the mandates typical
for the types of organization in question (but on a scale commensurate with the generally low national
budgets for developing countries). Thus, fisheries ministries and their directorates and institutes are
concerned with fisheries policy, management, monitoring and research and other fisheries sector
activities. Environment ministries assure similar functions for the environment while often assuring a
cross-cutting role for all sectors. National parks authorities are concerned with the management of
marine & coastal protected areas, and forest & water departments may sometimes have a relevant role
(e.g. in the management of mangroves or estuaries). Several countries have specialized agencies for
the monitoring of marine or coastal zones and seabed exploration and most have agencies responsible
for maritime transport, ports, coastguard & navy, tourism and meteorology. Most countries have one
or more research institutes involved in marine and coastal work. None of the current national or
regional structures is mandated to promote a multi-country, multi-sector, ecosystem-based approach to
addressing trans-boundary concerns of the CCLME countries. In particular, there are no mechanisms
for integrating knowledge, capacity or collective management authority for addressing issues at the
scale of the large marine ecosystem.
20
Donor-supported projects & programs
42.
Donor-supported projects & programs related to the project have been identified and are
presented in detail in Annex 8 (parts A & B). Table 5 summarizes the types of initiatives that have
been identified at the regional and national level. While non-exhaustive, the table serves to capture the
major types of donor-supported initiative that exist or are emerging in the region.
Table 5 Types of existing & emerging initiatives (development projects & programs)
(main centers of activities given in parentheses)
Level
Status
LME Assessment
Fisheries
Habitat, biodiversity & water quality
Regional
Existing
Oceanographic
Reinforcement of regional
Support to Abidjan Convention (UNEP)
research (various
fisheries commission
centers)
(SRFC)
MPA Regional Strategy (PRCM)
Comparative research
Stock assessment and
Trans-boundary biosphere reserve
of upwelling systems
management advice (FAO,
(Senegal river)
(EcoUp)
CECAF)
Endangered species assessment
Bibliographic
Support to shared stock
(manatee, sharks etc.) (CMS etc.)
collections & reviews
research, assessment and
(PRCM Phase 1)
management (FAO)
River water flow volume & quality
monitoring (OMVS)
Fisheries assessment
Data-poor assessment
methods
Integrated approaches to
assessment
Impact assessment of
fishing techniques
Shark fisheries action plan
implementation
Ecosystem Approach to
Fisheries (FAO)
Emerging
Indicators for marine
Mangrove regional charter (PRCM)
ecosystems (FAO,
IRD and others)
Support to MCS (SRFC)
Trans-boundary biosphere reserves
network (UNESCO)
Research networks
Support to fisheries
(RED-AFRIMAR)
management (SRFC)
Climate change adaptation (IOC)
Near-shore
Trans-boundary stock
River-basin management (invasive
oceanography
management (SRFC)
species & stream flow regulation)
(MOLINA)
(OMVS)
MPAs as tool for fisheries
co-management (AFD and
River basin EIA (OMVG)
SRFC, What about the FAO
Project of Greboval?)
Ballast water control (GEF)
Fisheries Information
Marine litter assessment & control
systems (SRFC, RED-
(UNEP/RS)
AFRIMAR)
Preparing for offshore petroleum
development (National agencies, NGOs)
National
Existing
Observatories
Socio-economic evaluation
ICAM / ICZM & coastal biodiversity
(marine, coastal)
of fisheries
initiatives (most CCLME countries)
(Guinea, G. Bissau)
Post-harvest improvement
Coastal clean up (& pollution control)
21
Resource evaluations
(Dakar)
(Mauritania, Senegal,
Artisanal fisheries
Morocco)
development projects
Maritime transport of toxic chemicals
(Morocoo)
Co-management initiatives
Artisanal fisheries
monitoring
Resources assessment
Fleet registers
Emerging
Research Center
Vessel decommissioning
Climate change adaptation plans
networks & Centers
(AfDB/Senegal)
(Gambia)
for oceanographic
research (Cape
National fisheries
Shipwreck removal (Mauritania)
Verde)
information systems
(Senegal)
Mangrove regeneration (Senegal)
Ocean monitoring by
petroleum industry
Artificial reefs (Senegal)
(Mauritania)
Projected scenario without GEF intervention
43.
The baseline or `business-as-usual' course of events over the next five years in the absence of
any GEF intervention would comprise continuation and evolution of the existing heterogeneous mix of
mainly sectoral intergovernmental, governmental and national baseline activities and initiatives
(projects or programs) as presented in Annex 8 (parts A & B) and Tables 3, 4 & 5 (see above). This
array of activities clearly would not lead to any systematic identification and analysis of trans-
boundary concerns or to any multi-country commitment to address those problems according to an
integrated, ecosystem-based approach. Specifically in relation to the elements of the proposed project
objective, it may be observed that:
None of the existing assessment activities is directed towards filling knowledge gaps with a view to
understanding and addressing trans-boundary problems, all being either highly specialist (e.g.
comparative research on upwelling systems) or national and sectoral in scope;
None of the current or emerging initiatives respond to the capacity needs for effective multi-
country cooperation in assessment and multi-country cooperation to address transboundary
concerns, all being either specialist or national in focus;
None of the current or emerging initiatives aims specifically to secure multi-country cooperation on
transboundary concerns, being either technical or national in focus; the critical TDA/SAP process
is lacking.
44.
As a result, CCLME countries would not be placed in a position to jointly identify and
cooperatively address shared trans-boundary concerns, but would remain limited to treating, or
mitigating the impacts of, the local symptoms of the problems of the wider ecosystem. Furthermore,
the impact, sustainability and replicability of their own unilateral or bilateral actions to address
ecosystem and natural resource-related issues would be compromised by the lack of a regional
mechanism to recognize, encourage and monitor the impacts of country contributions to the
sustainable stewardship of the broader ecosystem.
22
PART V - GEF ALTERNATIVE
Overview
44.
The essence of the GEF alternative is to bring to the CCLME countries in combination two
innovative approaches that allow groups of countries to jointly identify, address and monitor the status of
trans-boundary concerns relating to a shared Large Marine Ecosystem namely the TDA/SAP process
(developed for all GEF IW projects) to identify and address the issues and the LME 5-modular approach
(developed by NOAA) for assessment & monitoring to provide the appropriate technical framework for
an LME. Without this combination of approaches, the countries will be unable to effectively address the
major transboundary problems relating to the CCLME identified in Preliminary TDA, with the predicted
consequences for the environment and human-well being. Combined application of these two approaches
will have the effect of catalyzing (or re-directing) the efforts of countries and their development partners
towards an issue-driven, integrated, ecosystem & science-based process that will ensure improved
impact and sustainability of interventions over the long term and help the countries to meet WSSD and
other sustainable development targets. An additional dimension of the GEF alternative for the CCLME is
to support innovative multi-country demonstration actions addressing initial priority concerns that will:
1) test model approaches; 2) feed into the LME assessment & management approach and TDA/SAP
process; 3) make concrete progress towards stress reduction on the LME and 4) provide part of the basis
for replication within and beyond the CCLME.
The TDA/SAP process
45.
GEF-IW project goals include the joint preparation of a country-driven Trans-boundary
Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) and a Strategic Action Programme (SAP), used to prioritize project
actions. In a TDA, the countries bordering the water body prepare a document based on consensus that
ranks resource issues, identifies and prioritizes trans-boundary concerns, analyzes socioeconomic
impacts, outlines root causes and advances possible remedies. On the basis of the TDA, the countries
prepare and agree a SAP, in which they propose to address the trans-boundary concerns identified in
the TDA and outline national and regional commitments to policy, legal and institutional reform.
Currently, no initiative or mechanism exists to take the CCLME countries through this process.
The LME Approach
46.
The Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) approach to marine resource assessment and
management provides a major tool and flexible approach for the application of ecosystem-based
management by identifying driving forces of ecosystem change30. The approach recognizes the
linkages between scientific assessments, protection of the marine environment, sustainable
development of coastal and marine resources and poverty alleviation. The approach will provide the
means to determine the status of ecosystem condition in the Canary Current LME.31 It is being applied
successfully in several GEF-supported LME projects in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Eastern
Europe. In Africa it is being applied in the Guinea Current LME, Benguela Current LME and Agulhas
& Somali Currents LMEs (ASCLMEs). Currently, the CCLME region lacks such a coherent
framework for assessing and addressing concerns relating to the marine ecosystem.
47.
A key factor in reaching a determination on the status of ecosystem condition is the
quantitative output from five modules of spatial and temporal indicators of ecosystem (i) Productivity,
(ii) Fish and Fisheries, (iii) Pollution and Ecosystem Health, (iv) Socioeconomics, and (v)
30 Sherman, K. (2007). The Large Marine Ecosystem Approach to Marine Resources Assessment and Management. In Paper
for Proceedings of the 26-28 September 2006 Bergen Conference on Implementing the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
(CIEAF). 1-24.
31 Sherman, K., 1993. Large Marine Ecosystems as global units for management: an ecological perspective. In: K. Sherman,
L.M. Alexander and B.D. Gold, eds. Stress, Mitigation and Sustainability of Large Marine Ecosystems. Proceedings of
Symposium on Large Marine Ecosystems, October 1990, Monaco. AAAS Press, Washington, DC, pp. 3-14, 376p.
23
Governance. Productivity indicators measure the carrying capacity of an LME for supporting living
marine resources, and assesses changes in the amounts of chlorophyll, phytoplankton and zooplankton
at the base of the food web. The Fish and Fisheries module conducts assessments of important
species within fish communities, and considers the effects of naturally occurring environmental shifts
in climate regime. It also considers the effects of excessive fishing effort causing shifts in species
composition and abundance. From that module, the Canary Current LME Project can obtain
assessment information that will make it possible to distinguish between the effects of climate change
and the effects of direct depletion of fish stocks from overfishing. Indicators in the Pollution and
Ecosystem Health module32 are applied to assess changes in coastal waters, estuaries and wetlands,
and to highlight eutrophic conditions in an effort to take measures to reduce and control nutrient over-
enrichment and oxygen depletion events. The Socioeconomics module examines how a sustainable
marine resource base can meet the nutritional, social, economic and developmental needs of humans
living in the LME's border countries. The Governance module engages multiple scales of national,
regional and local jurisdictional frameworks needed to select and support ecosystem-based
management practices leading to a sustainable use of resources.
Combining the TDA/SAP and LME approaches
48.
The TDA/SAP process and the LME approach appear distinct in that the former is a process
whereby countries identify, analyze and address transboundary concerns whereas the LME modular
approach is essentially a framework for assessment and monitoring of an LME. Further consideration,
however, reveals a parallel between the socio-economic and governance analysis and implementation
steps of the TDA/SAP process, and the socio-economic and governance modules of the LME approach.
Having thus accounted for two of the five LME modules, the remaining three LME modules can be
overlaid upon the TDA/SAP process to delimit three broad domains of transboundary concerns
concerns about productivity, concerns about fish & fisheries and concerns about pollution and ecosystem
health. Based on the results of the CCLME project preparation process and the Preliminary TDA, the
countries have chosen to combine productivity with fish & fisheries (Component 2), while encompassing
`pollution & ecosystem health' within a domain of transboundary concerns defined as `habitat,
biodiversity and water quality' (Component 3). Component 1 (Regional coordination for TDA/SAP
process & LME assessment) integrates socio-economic and governance assessment and actions.
Project preparation process
49.
The CCLME Project design is derived from a country-driven participatory process combining
a simplified TDA/SAP process with the 5-modular LME approach. The project design process
included two years of discussions, consultations, workshops, and conferences involving technical and
political country representatives, representatives of regional instruments and institutions (i.e. NEPAD,
CSRP, CECAF), advisors from international organizations (i.e. UNEP, FAO, World Bank),
representatives of development and prospective CCLME project partners and donors (PRCM, AFD,
EU, OMVS, OMVG etc.) and regional and international experts from relevant research institutions. As
required by the PDF-B document, the process culminated in a Preliminary TDA (Annex 6), a "Pre-
cursor" to a Strategic Action Program (SAP) and the present project document. An important result of
the project preparation process has been to re-direct the projected investments of other development
partners (e.g. PRCM, AFD, FAO/Nansen/EAF, EU/AGPAO) towards support for the GEF alternative.
Engaging development partners
50. The CCLME project preparation process was used to engage other development partners interested
in helping countries to address trans-boundary issues relating to the CCLME. Such partners may be
grouped according to their existing associations with UNEP, FAO, SRFC and international NGOs.
Through UNEP, the project has engaged the support of the Abidjan Convention Secretariat and the
32 Sherman, K., ed., 1993. Emerging theoretical basis for monitoring changing states (health) of Large Marine Ecosystems.
Summary reports of two workshops: Narragansett, RI, April 1992; Cornell University, July 1992.
24
Regional Seas Program in the project preparation process and design. Through FAO, the CCLME
project has benefited from the support of existing FAO programs such as the Project `International
collaboration with the Nansen Programme. Fisheries management and Marine Environment', and has
helped to secure the agreement of Norway to support a program of support for all African LMEs to
begin in 200733 (in the case of the CCLME, the support will include about 190 subsidized34 days of
cruise time in the CCLME between 2008 and 2012 with the Norwegian fisheries research vessel, the
RV Dr. Fridtjof Nansen and other benefits in the form of on-ship and on-shore training in the
ecosystem approach to fisheries). Other FAO initiatives have also been engaged (CECAF, SFLP, FAO
institutional support to SRFC, project on factors of non-sustainability in fisheries, project on reduced
impacts of shrimp trawling etc.). Through SRFC, the CCLME project has developed links with
substantial regional projects of the European Union (on MCS and fisheries management) and the
Agence Française de Développement (AFD) (on co-management and MPAs for artisanal fisheries), a
project funded by the Netherlands on policies for management of shared small pelagic stocks and a
project of GTZ aiming to enhance SRFC as a provider of services to member countries. Through the
international NGOs, the CCLME project has engaged PRCM support to the project formulation
process and secured its adoption of the Preliminary TDA and CCLME project framework as a basis
for PRCM's second phase (2008-2012). Finally, towards the end of the preparation phase, the CCLME
project engaged with a new initiative of Spanish and regional research institutions (RED-AFRIMAR)
which is also in partnership with PRCM. Through these various interactions, the CCLME project has
been able to influence and re-orientate emerging initiatives towards the GEF alternative.
51. The project has also engaged with initiatives supported by GEF in the IW or other focal areas
for which there exist opportunities for synergy, such as the GEF/UNDP/IOC-UNESCO project on
adaptation to shoreline change in West Africa (known as ACCC). The project has also, through the
national preparation processes, identified the numerous national projects of relevance to CCLME.
52.
The final list of activities for the CCLME project was agreed in a sub-regional workshop
attended by the participating countries and the main relevant development partners, including FAO,
SRFC, PRCM and the Spanish Cooperation. This list of activities and the Preliminary TDA have
provided the basis for negotiating cooperation and co-financing arrangements with other development
partners. Given the scale of redirection towards the TDA/SAP and LME approaches catalyzed by the
PDF-B, relatively few of the programmed activities of the major development partners remain
unaffected and thus be considered `business as usual' or `baseline'. In the baseline calculations
undertaken for the purposes of this proposal (see Part X), baseline was taken to comprise primarily
recurrent national expenditures together with projected national investments that will continue to focus
primarily on achieving domestic environmental benefits. Many of the existing national and regional
programs are coming to a close or end of phase. An important exception is the series of GEF
Biodiversity/World Bank ICZM projects (GIRMAC, ICAM, PBGZCGB, PGIRN) and non-GEF
ICZM initiatives in other CCLME countries (PDALM, Coastal Management Project in Cape Verde)
which are now at a midway point and constitute an important element of the baseline (see Part X).
Justification
53.
The essential justification for the project is that CCLME countries will not otherwise be able
to effectively address the trans-boundary concerns (as identified in the Preliminary TDA) or make
significant progress towards WSSD targets relating to marine and coastal ecosystems (to introduce an
ecosystems approach to marine resource assessment and management by 2010; to designate a network
of marine protected areas by 2012; and to maintain and restore fish stocks to maximum sustainable
yield levels by 2015). The project responds to needs that have been identified in an extensive,
consultative process involving country stakeholders, culminating in the Preliminary TDA.
33 Strengthening the Knowledge Base for and Implementing an Ecosystem Approach to Marine Fisheries in Developing
Countries (GCP/INT/003/NOR)
34 The CCLME project will pay for ship time at $10,000 per day, which is substantially less than 50% of the true cost)
25
54.
In relation to the identified trans-boundary concerns, there are no baseline activities or
emerging initiatives that offer to provide an issue-driven, ecosystem-based, process for identifying and
addressing trans-boundary problems at the scale of the CCLME in a cooperative manner. While
sector-based interventions will make some progress (and indeed, if re-directed, potentially constitute a
valuable contribution to the GEF alternative) the necessary linkages would not be made between
productivity, fisheries, ecosystem health, governance and economics or between development sectors
to deliver a truly integrated approach.
55.
In relation to WSSD targets for marine and coastal ecosystems, while some progress would be
made without GEF intervention by some countries, their impact, sustainability and replicability would
be compromised by the absence of any multi-country cooperation mechanism (the TDA/SAP process)
or integrated, science-based approach for marine & coastal ecosystems (the LME 5-modular
approach).
56.
From a broader, Africa-wide, perspective, the project is justified because it will complete the
suite of African LME programs, and thus help Africa as a whole to achieve WSSD targets in relation
to marine and coastal environments. LME projects were specifically highlighted as important for
Africa in the recent AMCEN summit of environmental ministers. Because of its high productivity and
large dependent populations, the CCLME is especially important to achieving Millennium
Development Goals in Africa.
Project goal
57.
The present project focuses ultimately on recovery of depleted coastal & marine fisheries and
reversing the factors which contribute to their depletion, including overfishing, habitat degradation and
water quality changes (due to both land-based and marine activities). The project long term goal,
based on the formulation of the original pipeline application and PDF-B is: `To reverse the depletion
of fisheries and nursery and reproductive habitat of the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem
caused by over-fishing, habitat modification and changes in water quality by adoption of an
ecosystem-based management approach.' While this formulation corresponds well to GEF IW
Strategic Program 1: "Restoring and sustaining coastal and marine fish stocks and associated
biological diversity", the original formulation is too narrow to encompass Strategic Program 2:
"Reducing nutrient over-enrichment and oxygen depletion from land-based pollution of coastal waters
in LMEs consistent with the GPA." It is therefore proposed to generalize the project goal to: `To
reverse the degradation of the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem caused by over-fishing,
habitat modification and changes in water quality by adoption of an ecosystem-based management
approach.'
Project objective
58.
The CCLME Project Objective is: `To enable the countries of the Canary Current Large
Marine Ecosystem to address priority transboundary concerns on declining fisheries, associated
biodiversity and water quality through governance reforms, investments and management programs'.
This more specific objective is based on a formulation developed in consultation with the countries,
adjusted to take account of subsequently refined GEF IW priorities.
Project outcomes
59.
The key project expected outcomes will be:
(i)
Multi-country agreement on priority transboundary issues;
(ii)
Multi-country agreement on governance reforms and investments to address priority
transboundary issues;
(iii)
A sustainable legal/institutional framework for the CCLME
26
(iv)
Strengthened existing transboundary waters institutions
(v)
Stakeholder involvement in transboundary waterbody priority setting and strategic
planning
(vi)
7 functioning National Interministerial Committees
(vii)
3 multi-country policy proposals (as annexes to the SAP)
(viii) 5 management instruments for maintaining fish stocks, associated biodiversity and water
quality (as annexes to the SAP)
(ix)
5 demonstrations implemented and costs/benefits evaluated
All of theses steps will pave the way for SAP implementation following completion of the project
(including SAP planning and implementation at the national level).
Project structure
60.
The project is structured around a central process component (Component 1), and thematic
components, concerning issues on marine living resources (Component 2) and declining biodiversity
& water quality (Component 3). Each of the thematic components is similarly structured, but with
some deliberate differences in language to help distinguish components 2 and 3.
61.
Component 1, the `process' component (Multi-country process and frameworks for
understanding and addressing priority trans-boundary concerns) comprises three main elements or
component outcomes: 1) multi-country understanding and agreement on transboundary issues (TDA);
2) sustainable legal/institutional frameworks and plans for regional cooperation on the CCLME and 3)
stakeholder involvement in transboundary priority setting and strategic planning. In addition, project
management and monitoring (subcomponent 1d) & evaluation (1e) are located in this component for
operational simplicity and because of their proximity of management to the TDA/SAP and stakeholder
processes.
62.
Component 2 (the `marine living resources component') is entitled: Strengthened policies and
management, based on improved knowledge and demonstration actions, to address priority
transboundary concerns on declining marine living resources of the CCLME and comprises three
main outcomes: 1) Improved knowledge & capacity for management to address concerns on marine
living resources; 2) Strengthened regional policies, instruments & capacity for management to address
priority concerns on marine living resources and 3) Demonstration management actions address
priority transboundary concerns on marine living resources (3 demo projects, on small pelagics,
selective trawling and coastal pelagics).
63. Component 3 (the `biodiversity, habitat and water quality' component) is entitled Strengthened
knowledge, capacity and policy base for trans-boundary assessment & management of habitat &
biodiversity and water quality critical to fisheries and comprises three main outcomes: 1) Knowledge
gaps filled in relation to critical habitat, biodiversity and water quality for the purpose of the TDA and
SAP; 2) Capacity building, policy making and planning for the SAP 3) Demonstrating stress
reduction measures (2 demo projects, one on MPAs, the other on mangroves).
Demonstration projects
64.
Demonstration projects were selected from 23 country-sponsored proposals responding to an
open call for concept proposals based on a set of criteria including: trans-boundary stress reduction,
country drivenness & consensus, availability of co-finance, prospects for sustainability, innovative
approach, replication potential, integration of capacity building, maximum use of national and regional
expertise and other criteria. All demonstration projects were required to contribute ultimately to
maintained health and productivity of the large marine ecosystem. Copies of the call for proposals and
the finally selected project proposals are presented in Volume II of this proposal. A pre-final selection
of nine (9) projects was agreed at the final preparation workshop (4 to 6 September 2006), while all
remaining 14 concepts were retained for integration as activities within the main project components.
27
Upon further assessment, three (3) projects (developing a regional MPA network & plan, ecosystem
approach to management of elasmobranchs and integrated management of The Gambia estuary) were
considered to be more suitable as activities within the main project components while four (4) were
retained as demonstration projects under Component 2 (policies & plans for sustainable management
of shared pelagic stocks; reduction of the impact of shrimp trawling through by-catch and management
changes; transboundary management of migratory coastal pelagics of importance to artisanal fisheries;
MPAs as tools for sustainable demersal fisheries management) and one (1) project under Component 3
(development of a regional mangrove conservation plan with pilot restoration actions). In a final step,
consideration of the STAP review and budgetary constraints led to elimination of demo 6
(conservation of sea turtles and their use as LME indicators) but retaining turtles within a suite of
threatened species for assessment and use as indicators. In keeping with GEF IW priorities, all the
retained demonstration projects ultimately address the global problem of depleted marine fisheries.
Innovative aspects of the project
65.
A key innovative feature is to structure the project around a strategic combination of fisheries
and ecosystem governance frameworks. The link to fisheries frameworks is assured through national
fisheries authorities, the regional fisheries commission (SRFC), the ATLAFCO35 convention,
ICCAT36 and FAO as the lead executing agency. The link to environment is assured through national
environmental authorities, the Abidjan Convention and UNEP (through the Abidjan & Nairobi
Conventions Secretariat) as the supporting implementation agency. The linkage of a Regional Seas
convention (the Abidjan Convention) to regional fisheries governance frameworks is novel globally.
The strong networks of UNEP and FAO and their links to the scientific community add further value
to this novel combination. The project is novel in relation to the CCLME region, where the TDA/SAP
process (with its focus on multi-country cooperation to address transboundary concerns) and the LME
5-modular approach for marine resource assessment and management, which are the keystones of this
project, have never before been applied.
66.
At the level of the project objective, further significant innovations are to prepare a first 5-
Modular LME Assessment based on the TDA and to adopt a systematic approach to involving
stakeholders in the TDA/SAP process. Innovations at the level of Component 1 (TDA/SAP & LME
Assessment) include setting long-term targets based on the 5 LME modules, linking these to
Ecosystem Quality Objectives (EcoQOs) and to objectives of an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
(EAF). River basin authorities will be expressly included in the TDA/SAP process. At the level of
Component 2 (productivity & fisheries), the main innovations are to apply the ecosystem approach to
fisheries (EAF) in developing shared resource management agreements. In relation to Component 3
(biodiversity and water quality) the main innovations are to take an LME-wide, ecosystem-based,
approach to the management of critical habitat, to develop an MPA network specifically for the
CCLME and to promote an LME-based approach to the management of flow regimes of major rivers
draining into the CCLME.
67.
The project design includes multi-country demonstration actions to test modalities for
addressing the priority concerns. Notable innovations in the fisheries demonstrations include 1) the
general application of an ecosystem approach in all demonstration activities; 2) the first attempt at
reduction of by-catch and of trawl damage in West Africa; 3) agreed shared stock management plans
for small and coastal pelagics and 4) developing MPAs as tools for demersal fisheries co-management.
68.
A further important innovation has been taking a partnership approach in addressing issues,
working with a coalition of international NGOs (PRCM37) and other major bilateral partners such as
AFD and the EU in a program approach. The CCLME project has made a special effort to promote
35 Ministerial Conference on Fisheries Cooperation among African States bordering the Atlantic Ocean (Dakar Conference,
1992)
36 International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
37 `Programme Régional de Conservation des Zones Marines et Côtières de l'Afrique de l'Ouest' comprising IUCN, WWF,
Wetlands International and the Fondation Internationale du Banc d'Arguin FIBA.
28
joining of forces and integration between GEF focal areas, particularly biodiversity and climate
change (e.g. coordination with GEF coastal biodiversity projects in the region such as GIRMaC in
Senegal, UNDP-IOC/UNESCO climate change adaptation through ICZM in W Africa, global GEF
projects on by-catch reduction, marine litter, ballast water etc.). Through this general approach, the
project has been able to help re-direct part of the baseline and emerging initiatives towards the GEF
alternative, and raise substantial co-finance.
Expected environmental impact
69.
In the time frame of the project, demonstration activities will have direct positive impact on
the large marine ecosystem through by-catch reduction in demonstration trawl areas, reduced stress on
critical fish habitat through co-management around selected MPAs and reduced threats to critical
mangrove habitat.
70.
Primary long term effects on the marine ecosystem will derive from the implementation of the
SAP to be established during the life of the project. Assuming that the conclusions of the full TDA are
similar to those of the Preliminary TDA and the scope of activities of the final SAP are similar to the
those identified in the Pre-SAP, implementation of the SAP will result in sustainable management of
the CCLME's small pelagic fisheries and coastal pelagic fisheries and restoration of depleted demersal
fisheries (including shark & ray fisheries and reduced by catch from trawling). The combination of an
LME-wide MPA network, mangrove conservation plan, threatened species conservation plans and
improved river-basin management will help to conserve coastal and estuarine habitat critical to trans-
boundary ecosystem processes. Improved control of land-based and marine-based (particularly
offshore petroleum) pollution will also assist in maintaining or restoring ecosystem processes.
71.
The project could generate a range of secondary, indirect or unintended effects on the
environment in the long term resulting from a positive shift in attitudes towards the marine
environment, cooperation between the countries, integrated & ecosystem approaches, science,
stakeholder involvement and other principles promoted by the project. Assuming a sound, science-
based approach to the TDA/SAP process, negative impacts on the marine ecosystem appear unlikely.
72.
Finally, the substantial capacity building impacts of the project are likely to have positive
effects on the environment in the long term. Capacity reinforcement impacts at the national and
regional levels will include an improved knowledge base for understanding and addressing trans-
boundary environmental concerns and human capacity reinforcement at national stakeholder levels
(resources users, scientific community, decision-makers) and at the level of regional mechanisms.
Detailed activities description
Component 1: Multi-country process and frameworks for understanding and addressing
priority trans-boundary concerns (GEF US$3,130,000 and co-financing US$5,664,250)
Component Objective & main activities:
73.
The objective of this component is to bring about multi-country understanding of, and
agreement on how to address, priority trans-boundary concerns, through the following main outcomes:
(a) Multi-country understanding and agreement on transboundary issues;
(b) developing sustainable legal/institutional frameworks and plans for regional cooperation on the
CCLME;
(c) ensure stakeholder involvement in transboundary priority setting and strategic planning.
29
In addition the component will assure d) effective project management and e) effective project
monitoring and evaluation. The component outcomes will be achieved through the following main
activities:
Component detailed activities:
a) Multi-country understanding and agreement on transboundary issues (TDA)
73.
Multi-country TDA: As a first step, a 1st International CCLME Symposium and planning
forum will be held in order to bring together the entire constituency of holders and users of
information on the CCLME in a major opening meeting to review the availability of knowledge of the
CCLME and to plan for the filling of key knowledge gaps in relation to the recognized priority trans-
boundary concerns. In the interests of efficiency and international harmonization, the first part of the
Symposium will be structured according to the LME approach and will include keynote presentations
and informative contributions under these themes, highlighting the major knowledge and information
gaps in relation to the different priority issues identified in the preliminary TDA. The need for
thematic working groups will be identified and initial team members designated. A special group on
climate change is anticipated, as an overarching issue affecting all domains that would operate under
Component 1 (other working groups to function under the thematic components). Other GEf-
supported regional programs will be encouraged to take part, including programs on river basins and
coastal zone management. Other African LME programs will also be encouraged to participate and
contribute to the process (GCLME, BCLME, ASCLMEs). The symposium will generate a
consolidated work plan to fill knowledge gaps for the CCLME, and will define linkages between the
TDA/SAP process and the thematic project components (including demonstration projects).
74.
Following completion of the symposium sessions, the designated technical working groups
will remain at location in order to take part in a smaller, technical, issue-driven planning forum
structured according to the two main project components (marine living resources and biodiversity &
water quality) to identify the needs for filling information gaps for management of marine living
resources and for addressing declining habitats, biodiversity and water quality (see Components 2 &
3). The planning forum would benefit from the participation of the FAO/EAF Nansen program and the
agencies responsible for national vessels to draw up a detailed plan of ship-based surveys to fill
information gaps in relation to the issues under the two domains. The forum will provide an
opportunity for the demonstration projects to benefit from, and contribute maximally, to the planned
assessments and surveys. Regional thematic working groups will be identified to pilot specific
components of the assessment & survey program. About 15 distinct topics need to be covered, with
some possibility for related topics to be covered by a single group. For budgetary purposes, a total of
10 working groups has been assumed across both thematic components of the project (7 for
components 1 and 2, 3 groups for component 3).
75.
Given the growing recognition of the importance of climate change in relation to marine
ecosystems, a specific multi-disciplinary group will be established to coordinate the assessment of
climate change impacts on the CCLME. The findings of the climate change assessment will contribute
to the TDA and could be of considerable significance for the SAP and in the identification of
financing for SAP implementation.
76.
Later on in the project, and following completion of all the thematic assessments and surveys,
regional workshop would be held to review and debate the results of the all the assessment work and
to formulate the essential findings for the TDA, which would then be prepared by appointed teams of
experts. Once written, the TDA would be considered by the Steering Committee and, if approved,
published and widely circulated.
77.
CCLME interactive information website In parallel with the TDA preparation process, an
interactive information website will be developed to handle and display relevant information,
including information gathered for the TDA and to serve as one communication platform for the
30
project (recognizing that a website is not a substitute for a stakeholder involvement plan see below).
The website would be structured according to the LME 5-modular structure and would also be
designed to be consistent with GEF's IW:LEARN program and to have linkages to international
systems such as those of SRFC, FAO, UNEP, UNESCO, GOOS-AFRICA and NEPAD and relevant
regional programs (e.g. on river basins and coastal zone management). Support would be given to
national information sources currently lacking means to participate in and contribute to the website.
As information arises from the assessment work, reports and other information will be uploaded onto
the site, following the LME Modular structure and progressively building up the elements of an LME
assessment for the CCLME. The site would post contributions to, and materials generated by, the
IW:LEARN program of GEF. The website would be overseen by the project coordinator, supported as
needed by the thematic coordinators and serviced and updated periodically by specialist website
engineers.
b) Sustainable legal/institutional frameworks and plans for regional cooperation on the CCLME
79.
Regional legal/institutional framework for CCLME stewardship developed A key
compoenent of CCLME project strategy is to develop a sustaintable legal framrwork based on the
combined foundation of SRFC and the Abidjan Convention, thus brining together the fisheries and
environmental sectors of the coastal states of the CCLME. Based on this foundation, linkages will be
promoted between between concerned regional and international institutions (SRFC, Abidjan
Convention, ATLAFCO, OMVS, OMVG, CECAF, ICCAT, AGC, NEPAD (Environment & Fisheries
etc.) with a view to establishment of a legal/institutional framework for long term CCLME
stewardship. At the same time the project will establish firm linkages and coordination mechanisms
between CCLME program and other significant agency programs and initiatives to ensure synergies
(e.g. GEF ICZM, river basin and climate change adaptation projects, World Bank programs,
International NGOs etc.). As the linkages are developed, a consultancy will be arranged to design and
develop an overall legal / institutional framework for long term CCLME stewardship, for debate and
possible adoption as part of the SAP. Finally, the project coordination would play a facilitating role for
coordination between the concerned national sectoral agencies.
80.
Formulation and endorsement of the mulit-country SAP In addition to the TDA,
regional cooperation will be needed for formulation and endorsement of the SAP. A SAP working
group will be established to pilot this process and will ensure the participation of the national-level
SAP committees. To compliment this, the project will provide TDA-SAP training to appropriate
regional and national personnel and technical assistance to the SAP team itself. The SAP working
group will develop a series of EcOQOs (Ecosystem Quality Objectives) for the CCLME and a draft
vision statement for the future SAP. The SAP team will benefit from the Pre-SAP document and an
orientation document on a regional framework for cooperation prepared during the PDF-B phase. To
ensure broad stakeholder participation in priority setting and strategic planning for the SAP process,
the West African Marine & Coastal Forum established by PRCM is expected to serve as a forum for
debating the proposed SAP and making recommendations to governments on its content. The West
African Marine & Coastal Forum currently represents a venue for coordination and knowledge sharing
for a multitude of initiatives funded through the PRCM program. The CCLME project will support
broadened stakeholder representation in this forum, through supporting participation of fisheries
managers, research institutes, environment departments, forestry (mangrove) departments etc. Of
particular importance will be to support participation of ministries of finance and foreign affairs at the
forum as a means of access to higher decision making levels in member governments and to enhance
assimilation of economic valuation of CCLME goods & services (see above). As final steps, the
results of the demonstration projects would inform the SAP and be used to encourage endorsement of
the SAP by the relevant authorities of each country.
-
Identify options for sustainable financing of management and monitoring of resources of the CCLME
-
Identify options and secure financing for SAP implementation (including private and public in sources)
-
Develop an integrated sustainable financing and investment / partnership plan for implementation as
part of the SAP
31
81.
Sustainable financing and investment / partnership plan for SAP implementation Parallel
with SAP development, sustainable financing mechanisms and an investment plan must be established
to support SAP implementation. Work would begin early in the SAP development process to identify
and evaluate options for sustainable financing of management and monitoring of resources of the
CCLME, including financing of its coordination mechanism. Since sustainable sources are likely to be
insufficient for the first SAP cycle, development partners would also be mobilized to solicit
contributions, inviting donors to one or more project workshops. Finally, an integrated sustainable
finacing and investment plan would be developed for country approval and integration into the SAP.
c) Stakeholder involvement in transboundary priority setting and strategic planning
82.
Regional & national institutional stakeholder participation mechanisms established &
operational - A Steering Committee38 will be established that will be responsible for providing general
oversight of the TDA/SAP process and support to the process through CCLME project
implementation. It will ensure that all inputs and processes required for the development of the Trans-
boundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA), the Strategic Action Program (SAP) and any additional
activities agreed upon under the GEF project document. National Coordination Units (NCUs) will be
established and provided essential equipment to be operational. Very importantly, existing National
Interministry Committees would be revived and extended as required with a view to becoming
permanent and operational bodies ensuring sector integration at the national level. TDA/SAP training
will be provided to national focal points and technical coordinators. The West African Marine Forum
will be further promoted as forum for participation of regional and national institutional stakeholder
participation, and the project will support participation of key personnel at the Forum. Specifical funds
will be allocated to support participation of project staff and national personnel at the I biennial GEF
IW conferences and other important meetings where possible.
83.
Local and private stakeholder participation mechanisms established and operational
Differentiated treatment will be required for the local and private sector stakeholders. During the
preparation phase a draft stakeholder methodology, including some basic principles of stakeholder
participation, was developed with the assistance of IUCN and is presented as part of the Public
Involvement Plan (Annex 3). This would be developed into a full strategy, adding a communication
component, and a regional working group set up to pilot the stakeholder participation process.
Implementation of the strategy would be promoted throughout the project in close consultation with
PRCM (which has already initiated stakeholder participation and communication in the region through
the West Africa Marine & Coastal Forum and a communication program) and other partners. Support
to specific stakeholder groups, such as training or awareness raising, may be required during the
course of the project, for which funds would be reserved. Finally, the West African Marine & Coastal
Forum would be adapted as necessary to ensure adequate and balanced representation of CCLME
stakeholders at the Forum where the project would support the participation of key local and priate
sector stakeholders.
d) Effective project management
84.
Project management structures & mechanisms in place and operational - A Regional
Coordination Unit (RCU) will be established and staffed with a Regional Coordinator, two thematic
component leaders (1. Productivity & fisheries and 2. Habitat, biodiversity & water quality), a project
administrator and administrative assistant supported as required by short term consultants and casual
staff. The Regional Coordinator will be responsible for coordination of component 1 (TDA/SAP
processes). The RCU, which will be based at the main SRFC offices or in a nearby annex, will be
supported by a budget, which would include the resources needed for a town vehicle, travels in the
38 for the composition of the Steering Committee refer to Annex 10 on project implementation arrangements
32
region, reporting, translation and operating expenses. The RCU will assure project reporting and
translation and will coordinate periodic financial auditing.
e) Project Monitoring & Evaluation
85.
Project monitoring and evaluation processes implemented The project coordination function
would ensure implementation of the project M&E plan using a combination of performance and
impact indicators. Impact indicators will be process and stress reduction indicators as required by the
most recent GEF IW guidelines (see Annex 5). M&E would provide monitoring and evaluation of
project execution, performance, milestones & delivered outputs, outcomes and impacts. Key M&E
functions will include project activity reporting (inception, quarterly & semi-annual progress reports,
annual project implementation review (PIR), technical reports and terminal-report), financial reporting
(6-monthly, annual, final) and independent evaluation (mid-term review, final evaluation). Monitoring
& Evaluation are described in detail in Part IX and Annex 5.
Component 2: Marine Living Resources - Strengthened policies and management, and
demonstration actions to address priority transboundary concerns on declining marine living
resources of the CCLME (GEF: US$2,960,000, co-financing: US$5,915,000)
86.
Component objective & outcomes - The objective of this component is to strengthen the
capacity of countries, through a combination of improved knowledge, policies and management
instruments and demonstration actions, to address priority concerns on marine living resources. The
component will deliver trans-boundary assessment & management of marine living resources to
inform the TDA/SAP processes. Specifically, this component will: (a) improve knowledge and
capacity for management to address concerns on marine living resources; (b) strengthen policies,
instruments and capacity for management to address priority transboundary concerns on marine living
resources and (c) undertake a series of demonstration actions to address priority transboundary
concerns on marine living resources. Activities under Component 2 will focus around the themes of
sustainable trans-boundary cooperative assessment & management of marine living resources of the
CCLME.
Component Activities:
a) Improved knowledge and capacity for management to address concerns on marine living
resources
87.
As a first step, the 1st International CCLME Symposium (see Component 1) will be used by
the Component to identify available information and major gaps in knowledge in relation to priority
concerns on marine living resources and to design, as part of the consolidated plan under Component
1, a general program of assessments and surveys to fill the knowledge gaps on marine living resources.
Full use will be made of existing information and fisheries assessments conducted previously by the
FIAS project, CECAF, the FAO Working Group on Small Pelagics of North West Africa and others.
88.
As a second step, and organized to follow on directly from the 1st CCLME Symposium, a
special planning forum will be organized in conjunction with the FAO-executed project
"Strengthening the Knowledge Base for and Implementing an Ecosystem Approach to Marine
Fisheries in Developing Countries EAF Project" (GCP/INT/003/NOR ) (including linked national
survey vessel programs) and other program partners (SRFC (AGPAO, AFD etc.), PRCM and others)
to confirm and specify the types of assessments to be undertaken using the RV Dr.Fridtjof Nansen
platform (and participating national vessels where appropriate), to identify coordination arrangements
with national research vessels and to establish a detailed survey schedule. The occasion will be used to
established a series of thematic working groups for the assessment & survey work (a total of five
groups are expected on the themes of survey data analysis & planning, ecosystem interactions,
demersal and pelagic resources and fisheries trade the final designations are flexible and will deoend
on the perceived need at the time). Component 3 personnel would also participate in order define
33
survey needs for habitat, biodiversity and water quality issues (see below under Component 3
activities). As part of the planning forum, the training schedule for local researchers participating in
assessments on board the RV Dr. Fridtjof Nansen will be established. Further, a protocol for
calibration between RV Dr. Fridtjof Nansen and national research vessels will be developed to ensure
comparability and synthesis of survey results.
89.
Following the planning steps, the RV Dr. Fridtjof Nansen and national research vessels, with
support and guidance from the FAO/EAF-Nansen project, will carry out a coordinated ecosystem
assessment program with coverage of the entire CCLME from Morocco to Guinea including Cape
Verde, focusing on the identified priority themes. Survey work will be strictly focused on information
needs enabling countries to address priority transboundary concerns. Surveys are nevertheless
expected to include certain overarching studies relevant to both components 2 and 3 and which are
budgeted under Component 1 above (see under Component 1 activities).
90.
The surveys using the Nansen will include an evaluation of CCLME productivity and its
carrying capacity for living marine resources and possibly a number of specialized surveys including
effects of oil pollution on fish, identification of pelagic or demersal spawning areas and fish stock
variability in response to climate and hydrology. The Nansen and national ship-based surveys will also
contribute to specialized assessments of marine litter, alien and invasive species in the marine
environment under Component 3. These specialized surveys will fill important knowledge gaps in
relation to trans-boundary concerns of perceived importance but which have never been quantified.
The final agreement on the number and type of specialized surveys will be reached jointly between the
countries at the Nansen/CCLME planning forum.
91.
Improved capacity for transboundary assessment of marine living resources On-land and on-
board training for national scientists participating in the regional fisheries surveys and ecosystem
assessments will form an important part of this sub-component of the project and will contribute
substantially to: 1) the cross-cutting capacity building objective of the project and 2) sustainability of
project impacts. The training schedule for scientists will include both on-land training before and after
the field surveys and on-board training. While the CCLME project will support the personal
participation of specific scientists, the project will benefit from significant in-kind support through the
FAO/Nansen EAF program through interaction with participating scientists and on-board experts.
b) Strengthened policies, instruments and capacity for management to address priority
transboundary concerns on marine living resources
92.
Strengthened policies to address priority transboundary concerns This sub-component
aims to build capacity for sustainable trans-boundary management of fisheries, putting in place
appropriate policy instruments and developing regional management approaches. The activities will
begin by launching and supporting, with SRFC and development partners, the process to develop a
concerted sub-regional management policy including minimum conditions for access, management of
foreign fishing effort and introduction of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). Training will be
provided to national management institutions for addressing transboundary fisheries management
issues using an ecosystem-based approach (working closely with the FAO/Nansen-EAF project.
Management guidelines will be developed for spawning areas and other critical fish habitat areas, and
trade policy proposals and market mechanisms will be designed as potential future measures to
promote sustainable fisheries. Finally, CCLME countries with an interest in Atlantic tuna will receive
training and other support for effective participation in ICCAT.
c) Demonstration actions to address priority transboundary concerns on marine living resources
93.
Under Component 2, the following demonstration projects will be conducted:
- Policies and plans for sustainable trans-boundary ecosystem-based management of shared
small pelagic stocks in North West Africa;
34
- Reduction of the impact of shrimp trawling through by-catch reduction and management
changes;
- Trans-boundary co-management of migratory coastal pelagics of importance to artisanal
fisheries (mullets, bluefish and meagre);
The demonstration projects will: 1) test model approaches; 2) feed into the LME assessment and
TDA/SAP process; 3) make concrete progress towards stress reduction on the ecosystem and 4) provide
part of the basis for replication within and beyond the CCLME. All projects have been developed in
close consultation with the countries and development partners, and all benefit from a substantial degree
of co-financing. Coordination of the demonstration projects will be assured by partner organizations
through letters of agreement. Summaries of the projects are provided in Annex 8. Detailed descriptions
of the demonstration projects and of the selection procedure have been considered in the independent
technical review and can be provided on request.
Component 3: Biodiversity, habitat & Water Quality - Strengthened knowledge, capacity
and policy base for trans-boundary assessment & management of habitat & biodiversity
and water quality critical to fisheries (GEF: US$2,000,000, co-financing US$6,637,000)
94.
Component Objective and outcomes: The objective of this component is to strengthen the
knowledge, capacity and policy for transboundary assessment and management of habitat &
biodiversity and water quality critical to fisheries. In particular, the project will aim to: 1) fill
knowledge gaps in relation to critical habitat, biodiversity and water quality for the purpose of the
TDA and SAP; 2) deliver capacity building, policy making and planning for the SAP and 3) undertake
demonstration actions to address priority transboundary concerns on declining biodiversity and water
quality. The component corresponds closely to the 3rd LME Module (Pollution & Ecosystem Health)
and will focus on the identification and management of habitat and water quality parameters that are
critical to the productive ecosystem functions of the CCLME, such as demersal habitats (including
seamounts), estuarine habitats (including mangroves), ocean acidity & pollution, estuarine salinity,
sediment loading, dissolved oxygen and nutrient levels (nitrogen, phosphorous, organic carbon etc.).
The component will assist countries to implement the Global Plan of Action for Protection of the
Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA).
Component Activities:
a) Knowledge gaps filled in relation to critical habitat, biodiversity and water quality for the purpose
of the TDA and SAP
97.
As a first step, during the 1st International CCLME Symposium (see Component 1), a
general working group for Component 3 will be established, together with thematic groups. The
Component 3 working group and thematic groups will use the occasion to undertake a general
assessment of data and information including policy and legislation gaps for the TDA and compilation
of existing data in relation to pollution & ecosystem health in the CCLME region and prepare a report
of the findings.
98.
As a second step, based on the identified gaps, the component will make use of the special
survey planning forum to be organized jointly with the FAO/Nansen/EAF program under Component
2 where component 3 personnel would also participate in order define survey needs for habitat,
biodiversity and water quality issues (see under Component 2 activities) as well as to decide on
participation and sampling and analysis protocols for the survey and results. [
99.
In a subsequent step, a geo-referenced data base on habitats and biodiversity will be developed
with a view to storing and analyzing data and generating the necessary maps for the component. This
database will play an important role throughout the component in analysis and will be linked as early
as possible to the CCLME interactive website to enable national teams and experts to access the data.
35
100.
Assessments under component 3 - A next important step will be to assess key biodiversity of
the CCLME, making maximum use of existing information and earlier assessments (such as one
undertaken by WWF). Assessments will also be undertaken of critical habitats including MPAs and,
threatened species of global concern (cetaceans, turtles, manatees, sawfish, monk seals, waterbirds
etc.). An assessment will also be undertaken of the water quality needs of estuaries for essential
ecosystem functions to be maintained (such as nursery of reproduction areas and productivity
functions) in order to understand the impacts of altered flow regimes as produced by dams, water
extraction and coastal works. An assessment will also be undertaken of the impact of land-based
activities on water and sediment quality in the LME.
(b) Capacity building, policy making, and planning for the SAP: trans-boundary assessment and
management of critical habitat & biodiversity and water quality
102.
This sub-component aims to build capacity for sustainable trans-boundary assessment and
management of critical habitat & biodiversity and water quality, putting in place appropriate policies
and plans and testing regional management approaches through demonstration actions. Activities will
take account of the existing emergency protocol to the Abidjan Convention and the new protocol on
land-based activities which is under negotiation. Firstly, an LME-wide plan for the management and
monitoring of critical habitat will be developed, to include a regional plan for the development and
management of the regional MPAs network. Plans will also be developed in close consultation with
the river basin authorities for setting minimum water flow regimes and water extraction guidelines, so
as to maintain as far as possible the important ecological function of estuaries.
103.
With regard to land based activities affecting the CCLME (including pollution), following
completion of the above assessments, a plan would be drawn up, benefiting from the assistance of
UNEP and the GPA in The Hague, and in line with the recently adopted Abidjan Convention protocol
for the protection of the marine and coastal environment from land-based sources and activities. The
plan would be drawn up as a regional plan under the GPA. The land-based activities plan would be a
collective response of CCLME countries to a WSSD target.
104.
During the PDF-B phase, an issue of considerable concern to CCLME countries was the risk
of oil pollution due to offshore petroleum exploitation. Cape Verde, for example, was particularly
concerned because of its dependence on desalination for freshwater and its downstream position in
relation to the identified oil fields. Guinea Bissau also expressed concern because of its extensive areas
of sensitive habitat. Using information derived from the assessments (including an oil pollution risk
assessment based on modeling conducted with the petroleum industry itself), countries of the CCLME
would develop a common contingency plan. The support of IMO would be enlisted to assist with plan
formulation and to ensure linkages to maritime traffic regulation and other relevant factors.
105.
Finally, and in the interests of promoting an integrated and ecosystem-based approach, a draft
master plan will be drawn up for the overall management of water quality on the CCLME, integrating
both land-based and marine-based activities affecting water quality in the CCLME. This draft
instrument will be discussed as a possible instrument for further development as part of SAP
implementation.
c) Implementation of demonstration stress reduction measures: assessment & management of
critical habitat & biodiversity and water quality
106.
Under Component 3, the following demonstration projects will be conducted:
- Multi-country demonstration of MPAs as tools for multiple resource management benefits
- Development of a regional mangrove conservation plan with pilot restoration actions
The above demonstration projects will contribute substantially to the project objective and to the long-
term project goal. The demonstration projects will both: 1) test model multi-country approaches; 2)
36
feed into the LME assessment and TDA/SAP process; 3) make concrete progress towards stress
reduction on the ecosystem and 4) provide part of the basis for replication within and beyond the
CCLME. All demonstration projects have been developed in close consultation with the countries and
development partners, and all benefit from a substantial degree of co-financing. Coordination of the
demonstration projects will be assured by partner organizations through letters of agreement. Brief
descriptions of the demonstration projects are provided in Annex 8. The MPA project will aim to
demonstrate the potential of MPAs to generate multiple-resource management benefits, especially in
the context of artisanal demersal fisheries in close partnership with the AFD project on co-
management in artisanal fisheries for SRFC countries, also to be coordinated from the SRFC. The
mangrove conservation project will help develop the required knowledge, capacity and instruments
needed to ensure the conservation of one of the most important fish habitats of the CCLME, measure the
benefits of mangrove conservation and demonstrate an approach to be replicated or adapted for other
critical habitats.
PART VII IMPLEMENTATION
Project implementation arrangements
107.
The project will be jointly implemented by FAO and UNEP which will together assure overall
integrity of the project. FAO will be specifically responsible for project components 1 and 2 as well as
demonstration projects no. 1, 2, 3 under Component 2 and demonstration no. 4 (Demonstration of
MPAs as tools for multiple resource management benefits) under component 3. UNEP will be
responsible for component 3, and demonstration number 5. As the lead GEF agency, FAO, in close
consultation with UNEP, will be responsible for overall project implementation to ensure consistency
with GEF policies and procedures. The project will be implemented as a comprehensive program and
not as two separate projects. The Sub-regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC) in Dakar, Senegal will
continue to serve as the main counterpart organization for the overall project and will host the
Regional Coordination Unit.
108.
FAO will be responsible for the overall global administration and co-ordination of the project,
in close consultation with UNEP and specifically responsible for the execution of project components
1, 2 and demonstration project no. 4 (Demonstration of MPAs as tools for multiple resource
management benefits ), given its primary focus on fisheries management. This demonstration project
will be carried out in close collaboration with the Agence Française de Développement (AFD) in
accordance with a pre-existing agreement between FAO and AFD and in close consultation with
UNEP. As the executing agencies of these components, FAO will be responsible for, inter alia, the
overall financial management of the project, ensuring that the necessary human resources and inputs
are provided in a timely manner to ensure smooth implementation of the project and delivery of
project outcomes, and the submission of project progress and financial reports to GEF. FAO will
facilitate and ensure the sharing and flow of information and linkages among project partners as well
as with other major on-going initiatives in the region. FAO will provide technical support to the
project in a very broad sense, tapping into the expertise from its programs on fisheries, forestry, land
and water, sustainable development, legal, biodiversity, among others. UNEP will be primarily
responsible for Component 3 (habitats, biodiversity & water quality), and will collaborate actively in
the other components of the project. The Secretariat for the Abidjan Convention for Co-operation in
the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environmental will execute component 3
of the project on behalf of UNEP.
109.
Regional and national coordination arrangements for this project are presented in Figure 1.
The organizational arrangements include a Project Steering Committee, the Regional Coordinating
Unit, National Interministerial Committees, National Coordination Units, the stakeholders, and other
parties in the project. The project will be driven by a Project Steering Committee composed of
representatives from the seven project countries and one representative each from UNEP, FAO, SRFC,
the Abidjan Convention Secretariat. Other collaborating institutions, such as COMHAFAT, IUCN,
37
NOAA, NEPAD, CECAF, PRCM, IMR and the World Bank, will be invited as observers on an ad
hoc basis.
110.
The Regional Coordination Unit (RCU) will be based at SRFC, Dakar, Senegal. The role of
the RCU is to ensure the coordination and execution of the project and implementation of the work
plan, both at the regional and national levels. The RCU will consist of a Regional Project Coordinator
(RPC), component leaders for Component 2 (fisheries) and Component 3 (biodiversity & water
quality), an Administrative Assistant, and other personnel as required on a part time basis. Outside
consultants may be recruited to support the team on specific matters.
111.
Each country will designate a National Project Focal Point (NPFP) and National Technical
Coordinator (NTC) who will serve as the main liaison persons between the project and the national
technical experts and the broad range of stakeholders. NPFPs will normally be from the environment
ministries and NTCs from the fisheries ministries. National Coordination Units (NCUs) will be
established in each country, housed in a suitable government building, where the NPFP and/or NTC
will be located. The NCUs will coordinate activities at the national level including acting as secretariat
to the National Interministerial Committees (NICs) and for organizing stakeholder consultations.
NCUs may also contribute to coordinating demonstration projects at the national level.
38
Figure 1 Project implementation arrangements
CCLME COUNTRIES
GEF AGENCIES
FAO
UNEP
M
a
r
AB
A ID
I J
D AN
A
N CO
C NVE
V N
E T
N IO
I N
SUB-REGIONAL FISHERIES
N
SE
S C
E R
C E
R T
E AR
A IA
I T
A
i
COMMISSION (SRFC)
n
e
Project
Regional
&
Coordinating Unit (RCU)
Steering
based at SRFC
Regional
Committee
Project Staff
Activities
C
o
a
s
National Coordination
t
Units (NCUs)
National Inter-ministerial
·Focal Point
Committees (NICs)
a
·Technical Coordinator
l
F
o
National Stakeholder
National Activities
r
Consultations
u
m
39
112.
The Sub-regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC)39 will continue to serve as the main
counterpart agency within the region and will host the Regional Coordination Unit. The SRFC will
facilitate access by the CCLME project to the SRFC participating countries' fisheries administrations
on a daily basis and through its Conference of Ministers responsible for Fisheries and a Coordinating
Committee composed of the Directors of Fisheries meeting. The SRFC is also a common partner with
the Regional Coastal and Marine Conservation Program for West Africa (PRCM). By locating the
RCU at SRFC, the CCLME project would also benefit from the presence of important project partners
and projects based at the commission, in particular the AFD/SRFC project on co-management &
MPAs, the IAC/Wageningen (Netherlands funded) project on small pelagics, the GTZ project of
institutional support to the SRFC and others (see Annex 8).
Project Steering Committee
113.
The Project will be guided by a Project Steering Committee. The Project Steering Committee
(PSC) will be responsible for providing general oversight of the execution of the CCLME Project and
will ensure that all inputs and processes required for the development of the Trans-boundary
Diagnostic Analysis (TDA), the Strategic Action Programme (SAP) and any additional activities
agreed upon under the Project Brief are adequately prepared and carried out. In particular, it will:
Provide overall guidance to the Regional Coordination Unit in the execution of the project.
Ensure all project outputs are in accordance with the CCLME Project Brief.
Review, amend if appropriate, and approve the draft Annual Regional Work Plan of the project for
submission to the GEFSEC and UNEP.
Facilitate the "mainstreaming" of relevant project findings and recommendations into national
policy.
114.
The PSC will be comprised of one representative from each of the eight Project countries:
Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea)40 and one representative
each from UNEP, Abidjan Convention Secretariat, FAO, and SRFC. Other collaborating institutions,
such as COMHAFAT, IUCN, NOAA, NEPAD, CECAF, PRCM, IMR and the World Bank who
would ensure representation of World Bank-executed coastal and fisheries projects in the region
(GIRMaC, CBMP, PGIRN, ICAM Gambia) and the Strategic Partnership project for fisheries in the
African LMEs), will be invited as observers on an ad hoc basis. The GCLME project would be invited
to send a representative to promote effective coordination between CCLME and GCLME in
overlapping countries (Guinea, Guinea Bissau). The PSC will meet annually to monitor progress in
project implementation, provide strategic and policy guidance, and review and approve work plans
and budgets. In exceptional circumstances, extraordinary meetings of the SC may be called to consider
urgent questions. The Project Steering Committee will also maintain oversight of the implementation
of the demonstration projects. The PSC meetings will be chaired in rotation by national
representatives.
Regional Coordination Unit
115. The Regional Coordination Unit (RCU) will be based at SRFC, Dakar, Senegal. The role of
the RCU is to ensure the coordination and execution of the project and implementation of the work
plan. The RCU will consist of a Chief Technical Adviser (CTA), two project component managers
responsible for Marine living resources and Critical habitats, biodiversity and water quality, an
information and communications officer, a project financial administrator, an administrative assistant
and a driver. The component managers and the Information and Communications officer positions
would be the subject of competitive regional recruitment. The financial administrator, administrative
assistant and driver would be competitively recruited nationally (Senegal). The RCU will closely
follow the implementation of project activities, handle day-to-day project issues and requirements,
39 In French CSRP or Commission Sous-régionale des Pêches
40 With the potential addition of Spain and Portugal if these countries join the project
40
coordinate them and ensure a high degree of transnational and inter-institutional collaboration
(international and regional organizations and donors). It will be responsible for the production of six-
month progress reports and annual expenses reports. It will also assist in the preparation of the mid-
term and final evaluations of the project.
National Focal Points & Technical Coordinators
116.
For the purposes of the PDF-B, each country designated a National Project Focal Point
(NPFP) and a National Technical Coordinator (NTC) who served as the main liaison persons between
the project and the national administration and national technical experts and stakeholders. NPFP's,
mostly from the environment ministries, were responsible for overall leadership of the national
preparation process while NTCs, mostly from fisheries ministries, were responsible for coordination of
preparation activities, reporting to the NPFP. For the full project it is proposed to maintain the existing
arrangement, while recognizing that countries are free to revise the existing designations of NPFPs
and NTCs should they consider necessary.
National Interministerial Committees (NICs)
117. For the purposes of the PDF-B, each participating country established a National
Interministerial Committee comprising the ministries for environment and fisheries with additional
ministries according to country context. The main roles of NICs were to approve plans for the national
consultations and approve the national assessment report. For the purposes of the main project the
NICs will be maintained and extended to include additional ministries as appropriate. The main task of
the NICs is to promote and give validity to the cross-sector approach implied in the LME concept at
the national level.
National Coordination Units
118.
National Focal Points and Coordinators will be mandated to establish in their respective
countries a National Coordination Unit (NCU) in order to provide a single center for coordinating
national project activities. The NCU will be composed of the NPFP, the NTC and resource persons
from different Ministries involved in the project's activities. Each NCU will be equipped with a desk
top and one laptop computer, office furniture, telephone and internet connection. NCUs will be located
in a suitable government or official building, and basic services provided by the country in question
(which will represent a part of the national in-kind contribution to the project). The NCU should be
permanently staffed by either the NPFP or the NTC. A budget will be provided to cover the
incremental cost associated with establishment of the NCUs.
West African Marine & Coastal Forum
119.
One of the major initiatives of the PRCM program has been to establish and finance the West
African Marine & Coastal Forum. The Forum meets approximately every 18 months, and has been
convened in 2004, December 2005 and most recently April 2007. The forum brings together the
principal actors concerned with activities under the PRCM program, including representatives of
governments, intergovernmental bodies (e.g. SRFC), international NGOs, research organizations and
stakeholder groups e.g. fishers' association representatives. The composition of the forum is
determined by the composition of the PRCM program itself (based on five components protected
areas, fisheries, research, ecotourism, hydrocarbons and communication) and its zones of geographical
intervention. GEF incremental support would be used to extend and re-direct the coverage of issues
and stakeholder representation to ensure the forum's adequacy as platform to address transboundary
issues affecting the CCLME. The forum will also serve as the principal open platform for presenting
and debating the TDA, the first LME Assessment and SAP before they go forward for formal adoption
by the countries.
41
Thematic Technical Working Groups
120. The project will establish ad hoc Technical Working groups where necessary for the steering of
the assessment and survey work. An estimated total of seven (7) working groups will be established
(in addition to the special working groups on climate change and evaluation of CCLME goods and
services), including an estimated seven groups for Component 2 (marine living resources) and an
estimated three groups for Component 3 (critical habitats, biodiversity and water quality). This
estimate assumes the some grouping of associated topics where group members may be expert in
several related topics. The precise number of working groups will be decided during the initial
CCLME symposium and EAF-Nansen planning forum. For the purposes of project budgeting
technical working group meetings, an average group size of 25 members has been assumed, but this is
likely to vary considerably between topics.
PART VIII COORDINATION WITH IAs & EAs
Core commitments & linkages
121.
Linkage to FAO's and UNEP's programs The project will benefit from the extensive array
of linkages that FAO and UNEP can bring as international organizations both extensively involved in
international waters issues and activities at the country, sub-regional, regional and global levels,
including both GEF and non-GEF activities (Table 13).
122.
Linkages brought by FAO FAO has good working relationships with the national fisheries
agencies and numerous other institutions, programs and projects within the CCLME region and
around the world relevant to the CCLME project. This excellent network will help bring added value
to the CCLME project through transfer and exchange of information and experience and promoting
political will to adopt the necessary governance reforms and investments. At the global level, the FAO
Committee on Fisheries (COFI) is a forum for all the fisheries administrations of the world and
ensures that the Organization is in touch with the developing and critcal issues in fisheries, while also
providing guidance to the programme of work of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.
FAO through its mandate is involved in various global programmes such as FISHCODE and all its
components and information programmes such as GLOBEFISH and INFOPÊCHE. FAO also has
existing, or recently completed, projects with GEF relevant to the issues for the CCLME, such as a
global project with UNEP as implementing agency on the reduction of the impacts of shrimp trawling,
and a core project of the Benguela Current LME program entitled "Ecosystem Approaches for
Fisheries (EAF) Management in the BCLME: LMR/EAF/03/01, for which FAO acted as an
Associated Agency and provided international coordination and leadership as well as technical and in-
kind support.
123.
FAO has also been responsible for a major project entitled `Sustainable Fisheries Livelihood
Project' (SFLP) funded by DIFID covering most countries in West Africa and which has included
activities in several of the CCLME countries (Cape Verde, Mauritania, Senegal & Guinea). FAO,
together with WWF and the World Bank, helped in the establishment the Strategic Partnership for a
Sustainable Fisheries Investment Fund in Sub-Saharan Africa and continues to participate in the
World Bank/GEF initiative. Another global project of relevance is the NORAD funded project on
Strengthening knowledge base for and implementing EAF in developing countries FAO is also
involved in a suite of very relevant projects supported by Japan, including projects on factors of
unsustainability in fisheries, sea turtle / fisheries interactions and building capacity for the ecosystem
approach to fisheries. Within the region, FAO has been directly supporting the SRFC through the
Technical Cooperation program in development of its strategic action plan and works with the member
countries of CECAF in implementation of scientifically-based and effective management in the
CECAF region. FAO also participates in meetings of ATLAFCO and collaborates with ICCAT,
42
NEPAD and WACAF. Other linkages are referred to in Table 13. Full details of the above linkages are
provided in the project document.
124.
Within FAO, the project is linked on a daily basis to the Fisheries and Aquaculture
Department where the Fisheries Management and Conservation Service (FIMF) will lead and
coordinate its execution with the involvement of other services within that department as well as with
other departments within FAO (the Technical Cooperation Department with GEF Focal Point (TCAP)
and the investment centre, the Legal Office, the Natural Resources Management and Environment
Department, etc.) and the appropriate FAO Regional, Sub-regional and Country Office. Through these
linkages the project will interact with a range of national, regional and global activities within the
Department, benefiting from the wide and dynamic experiences and expertise available at FAO. In
order to facilitate interaction with these various departments, FAO established at the outset of the
PDF-B, and will maintain throughout the project, an internal multidisciplinary Task Force which will
be called upon as a group or individually to consider project progress and advice on specific questions
that arise.
125.
Linkages to UNEP's programs The project will also benefit from linkages to UNEP's
extensive range of programs in the relevant areas, including in particular the UNEP Regional Seas
Program, the Global Plan of Action in relation to Land-based Activities affecting the marine and
coastal environment (GPA) (The Hague), the Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA) and as
supporting agency to the Secretariat to the Abidjan Convention. UNEP also has an extensive array of
relevant linkages at the global, regional and national levels that will benefit the project, including.
Through these linkages, the project will be able to identify and benefit from all the major opportunities
for linkages to programs and projects within the UNEP global networks.
Table 13 Linkages to relevant programs involving UNEP and FAO (non-exhaustive)
Level
UNEP GEF
UNEP other
FAO GEF
FAO other
Global
Regional Seas - Marine
Regional Seas Program
Strategic Partnership for a
COFI
litter project (GEF MSP)
Abidjan Convention and
Sustainable Fisheries
GLOBEFISH
GEF SIDS project
WACAF
Investment Fund in Sub-
INFOPECHE
(includes Cape Verde)
Global Program of Action
Saharan Africa
Reduction of the Impact
for the Protection of the
(PROFISH)
Review of Factors Contributing
of Shrimp Fisheries
Marine Environment from
WB-WWF-FAO
to Over-Exploitation and
Capacity support to
Land-based Activities
GCP/INT/956/WBG
Unsustainability in Fisheries
Global Invasive Species
(GPA)
(GCP/INT/788/JPN)
Program
GIWA
Reduction of the Impact of
Shrimp Fisheries
Interaction between Sea Turtles
GF/FP/1100-98-15
and Fisheries within an
Ecosystem Approach to
Fisheries Management
(GCP/INT/919/JPN)
Capacity Building for
Ecosystem Approach:
Considering Interactions,
including with Marine
Mammals (GCP/INT/920/JPN)
CITES and Commercially-
exploited Aquatic Species
including the Evaluation of
Listing Proposals
(GCP/INT/987/JPN)
Various projects under the
FISHCODE Umbrella
including: Improving
Information on Status and
Trends of capture fisheries
EAF-Nansen project
(Strengthening knowledge base
for and implementing EAF in
developing countries)
GCP/INT/003/NOR).
Regional
Guinea Current LME
Support to Abidjan
Assistance in the Management
43
Program (GCLME)
Convention Secretariat
Ecosystem Approach to
and Development of the
(GEF/UNEP/UNIDO)
Support to Convention on
Fisheries in the Benguela
Fisheries of the Eastern Central
Support to NEPAD
Migratory Species
Current LME
Atlantic (CECAF Area)-
Environmental Action
(Sirenians)
UNDP/GEF RAF/002/G32
GCP/RAF/397/SWE
Plan
UNOPS Ref.
Sustainable Coastal
LMR/EAF/03/01
Support to CECAF
Tourism project
Working Groups on Pelagics &
(GEF/UNEP/UNIDO)
Guinea Current LME
Demersals in CECAF area
Program
(GEF/UNEP/UNIDO)
Sustainable Fisheries
Livelihoods Program (SFLP)
(GCP/INT/735/UK)
Sub-regional
FAO Support to SRFC Strategic
Action Plan
International Cooperation with
the Nansen Program
(GCP/INT/730/NOR)
National
Coastal Zone Fisheries (SFLP
pilot projects in Guinea &
Mauritania)
Improved livelihoods in post-
harvest fisheries sector (SFLP in
Senegal)
126.
Linkages to specific UNEP programs - CCLME would coordinate with UNEP over the
conduct of a marine litter assessment for the CCLME, benefiting from UNEP's experience of other
regions. CCLME will link to the UNEP/UNDP SIDs program in order to ensure that information
relating to Cape Verde informs the TDA/SAP process. The UNEP Regional Seas program is a partner
with NOAA and IUCN in a global LME program that seeks to monitor global progress on LMEs, to
which CCLME will contribute. In addition, the Regional Seas program possesses valuable data on the
CCLME that would be reviewed for the TDA-SAP process. The GPA program, in The Hague, also
possesses information relevant to the CCLME and would be requested to assist with ensuring
coherence between the GPA and the CCLME SAP. Information exchange would be maintained with
the GIWA process. UNEP is also co-implementing agency for the Guinea Current LME project
(GCLME) and supports the NEPAD environment program, which is linked to the African LMEs. The
CCLME project will develop active coordination with GCLME in relation to shared countries (Guinea
Bissau and Guinea). Finally, linkages with UNEP will facilitate synergy between CCLME and the
Abidjan Convention.
Consultation, coordination and collaboration with other IAs & ExAs
127. Linkages to World Bank The World Bank is responsible for the GEF-supported Strategic
Partnership for a Fund for Sustainable Fisheries for the LMEs of Sub-Saharan Africa for which
CCLME is a council member. The Bank has recently initiated a concept for a regional fisheries
project in West Africa that would seek to draw upon GEF funds from the Strategic Partnership with
co-finance from IDA loans, with which CCLME would coordinate closely. At the national level,
CCLME has established a specific collaboration agreement with the World Bank-supported GIRMaC
ICZM project in Senegal, to be extended during implementation to the other major World Bank-
supported ICZM projects in the sub-region (ICAM Gambia, PGBZCGB Guinea Bissau and PGIRN
Guinea). Linkages have been initiated and will be further developed with the Senegal River Basin
Program (BFS) along with linkages to the Senegal River Basin Authority itself (OMVS). These
linkages will be specifically maintained, developed and monitored as part of the project activities.
128.
Linkages with UNDP The UNDP is engaged in activities relevant to CCLME at the global,
and sub-regional and levels, and in certain national activities in CCLME countries. At the global level,
UNDP is the IA for the Globallast project (Phase 2) executed by IMO. CCLME will cooperate with
Globallast in undertaking a ballast water assessment for the CCLME. Senegal's selection as Globallast
country partner will encourage further interaction. Also at the global level (although focused initially
on Africa), UNDP will act as IA for the project `Strengthening the knowledge base for application of
the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF)' executed by FAO which will develop a program using
the Nansen research vessel as a platform for building capacity of African countries in applying the
44
Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF). UNDP is also the IA for the Benguela Current LME
(BCLME) and the Agulhas & Somali Current LMEs (ASCLMEs) projects with which (along with
GCLME) CCLME will interact at a technical level. Within the CCLME sub-region, UNDP is IA for
the IOC-UNESCO-executed climate change adaptation project (ACCC) which will cooperate closely
with CCLME on issues of common interest, particularly the conservation of mangroves. Finally,
UNDP supports a small project of UNESCO on MPAs in Cape Verde of possible relevance to the
CCLME project.
Table 7 - Linkages to UNDP and World Bank programs (non-exhaustive)
Project level
UNDP
World Bank
Global
Globallast Program GEF/UNDP/IMO
PROFISH Partnership (World Bank and
Strengthening knowledge and capacity for
development partners)41
implementing the Ecosystem Approach to
Fisheries (EAF) (GEF/UNDP/FAO) (request
to GEF pending) (Project to focus mostly on
Africa)
Regional (all
Guinea Current LME Program
Strategic Partnership for a sustainable
Africa)
(UNIDO/UNDP/UNEP
fisheries fund for the LMEs of Sub-Saharan
/NOAA/IOC/UNESCO)
Africa (GEF/WB/FAO/WWF)
Benguela Current LME Program
(GEF/UNEP/UNOPS)
Agulhas & Somali Currents LMEs Program
(GEF/UNDP/UNOPS)
Sub-regional
Climate change adaptation through ICZM
Senegal River Basin Project (BFS) (OMVS)
(West Africa) (GEF/UNDP/IOC-UNESCO)
Regional fisheries project for West Africa
(IDA) (new initiative)
National
Support to National Environment program in
National ICZM projects:
Cape Verde (UNESCO)
GIRMaC (Senegal), CBMP (Guinea Bissau),
MPAs in Cape Verde (executed by UNESCO) ICAM (Gambia), PGIRN (Guinea)
Implementation/execution arrangements
129.
The proposed implementation and execution arrangements will ensure a high quality of
technical and financial implementation. UNEP and FAO have extensive complimentary experience in
the domain of the project and of collaborating together on GEF projects (including LME projects).
FAO has specific expertise to contribute in fisheries and marine ecosystems, while UNEP is able to
mobilize expertise in relation to land-based activities affecting the marine & coastal environment and
fostering integrated approaches. The project will recruit an international project coordinator and a
project coordination team with relevant qualifications and experience. FAO has established an internal
Task Force to monitor the project and provide advice where needed, and UNEP will make use of in-
house expertise within GPA, the Regional Seas Program and the Abidjan Convention Secretariat.
Rigorous standards of financial and technical reporting and M&E will be applied and the project will
be the subject of an independent mid-term review which will enable corrective steps to be taken well
before project end if necessary.
PART IX STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT
Identity of major stakeholders
130. A broad range of stakeholders are concerned with LME projects, ranging from the various end
users benefiting from goods and services of the LME to the intergovernmental agencies that are
concerned with the management or governance of marine and coastal ecosystems and resources. The
stakeholders and beneficiaries of the project include communities and populations, the private sector,
41 PROFISH is a global partnership of developing coastal countries and their development partners including Iceland, France,
Norway & Finland, Japan, FAO, IUCN, World Fish Center and the World Bank.
45
NGOs, national government departments and institutions, intergovernmental organizations,
international agencies and multi-lateral and bi-lateral development partners. For the CCLME,
stakeholder involvement began with the project preparation process. The project will systematically
involve stakeholders as part of its support to TDA/SAP development and implementation, and as part
of the support to the specific objectives.
131.
National level stakeholders - As part of the project preparation process, national stakeholders
were identified by the national coordinating teams and invited to participate in the National
Consultations (as summarized in Table 8). Each country prepared a stakeholder inventory (see Annex
3 for stakeholder lists from each country). There was considerable variation between countries in the
structure of ministries, requiring a functional approach to identifying those most concerned. Based on
this initial stakeholder assessment, country focal points and coordinators determined 1) the optimal
composition of National Inter-ministerial Committees, comprising representatives of the
administration and 2) the list of stakeholders to include in a National Consultation. At the National
Consultations all stakeholders were invited in turn to express their concerns and then participated in
working groups and plenary discussion.
Table 8 Categories of stakeholders identified and participating in national consultations
Category
Stakeholder groups
Direct users and beneficiaries of
Fishers & fishing communities
CCLME goods & services
Fish product processors
Middlemen & fish merchants
Fish product exporters
Industrial fishing companies
Maritime transporters
Salt makers
Sand miners (for construction)
Mangrove wood exploiters & users
Consumers of products from the CCLME
Coastal populations & inhabitants
Tourist & tourism operators
Civil society actors
Professional associations (artisanal & industrial fishers)
NGOs
Sector ministries or agencies
Fisheries
responsible for:
Environment
Forests
Agriculture
Energy & Mines
Tourism
Water
Public Health
Transport
Defense
Education & Research
Finance
Foreign Affairs
Planning & lands etc.
Other government actors
MPA management authorities
Port Authorities
Coastguard
District Authorities
Assessors of resources
Fisheries, oceanographic & environmental research institutes
University marine science departments
Private sector
Fishing companies
Petroleum companies
Tour Operators, hotels
46
132. International & regional institutional stakeholders - In parallel, the project coordination unit
sought to identify regional and international institutional stakeholders concerned with the CCLME, as
summarized in Table 9. Most of these stakeholders were consulted, leading in most cases to
participation on the CCLME project preparation process and in some cases the identification of
synergies and cost-sharing arrangements. The majority of International and regional stakeholders were
invited to participate at the 1st Sub-regional Consultation of the CCLME project in October 2005 and
again at the Preliminary TDA workshop of July 2006 and/or the Final Sub-regional Consultation in
September 2006. All stakeholders identified in Table 9 participated in one or other workshop with the
exception of the following: FFEM, DfID, KfW, IMO, AfDB, UBC, Ruitgers University, RED-
AFRIMAR, ICCAT, Ramsar Convention, UNEP-GPA, IUCN-SSC, CMS, The Group (Holland) and
Woodside Petroleum. Of these, all have been consulted directly with the exceptions of DfID, ICCAT,
Ramsar Convention, CMS and The Group (Holland). Of these, contacts have been established with
linked projects or organizational members with the exception of The Group (Holland). Contact with
this important private sector stakeholder (and other industrial fishing companies) will be established
upon onset of project implementation.
Table 9 International and regional stakeholders concerned with the CCLME
Level
Sub-category / interest
Stakeholder
Synergies identified
area
International
Multilateral donor
GEF, FFEM, EU, IDA
GEF, FFEM, EU and IDA (via
agencies
World Bank)
Bilateral donor agencies
AFD, DfID, KfW/GTZ,
AFD, GTZ, Spain, Holland
Switzerland, Spanish
Cooperation, Holland (Embassy,
Dakar & Ministry of
Agriculture), JICA
GEF Implementing
World Bank, UNDP & UNEP
All IAs
agencies
GEF Execution agencies
FAO, IMO, UNIDO, IOC-
IMO, UNIDO, IOC-UNESCO,
UNESCO, AfDB, IUCN
IUCN (AfDB under discussion)
Technical / scientific
NOAA
NOAA
organizations
Institutes / research
IEO, IRD, IFREMER, UBC,
IEO (as part of RED-
organizations
Ruitgers, IMR Norway,
AFRIMAR), IRD, UBC,
CEMARE,
Ruitgers, IMR,CEMARE
Fisheries organizations
FAO, ICCAT
FAO
Habitat, species & water
Ramsar Convention,
GPA, IUCN-SSC, CMS
quality
UNEP/GPA, CMS, IUCN-SSC
International NGOs
IUCN, WWF, FIBA & Wetlands All (via PRCM)
International (PRCM)
Industrial fishing
The Group (Holland)
-
companies
Industrial petroleum
Woodside Petroleum (Australia) Discussed, to be confirmed
companies
Regional
Fisheries organizations
SRFC, ATLAFCO, CECAF,
All
AGC, ADEPA
River basin organizations OMVS, OMVG
Discussed, to be confirmed
Habitat, species & water
Abidjan Convention, PRCM,
All
quality
AGC
Approach to stakeholder involvement
133.
The identified stakeholders will be directly involved in various ways in the future project.
Under Component 1 (Regional coordination for LME Assessment & the TDA/SAP process), as a first
step, representatives of users of CCLME goods and services will participate at national level meetings,
either at special forums or as resource persons at National Interministerial Committee meetings
(NICs). Representatives of user groups will be designated (through a transparent process) to represent
47
resource users at regional meetings. A particular effort will be made to ensure that fishers provide
ecological information to the 1st International CCLME Symposium on the state of resources and to the
forum with the FAO/Nansen-EAF project to design a program of surveys to fill knowledge gaps.
Resource users will be consulted to ensure that the CCLME information management system is
accessible to, responds to the needs of, and encourages contributions from, resource users. Resource
user representatives will also be encouraged to participate in the SAP formulation process, and will be
represented at the West African Marine & Coastal Forum. Under Component 2, resource users will be
consulted in the design of fish stock assessments, specialized assessments, participate at
science/management forums, debates on resource access etc., and participate directly in the
demonstration projects. Under Component 3, resource users are expected to make a significant
contribution to the identification and assessment of critical habitat such as spawning areas), in the
design of a regional MPA network, the assessment of endangered species and in the demonstration
projects. The Public Involvement Plan (Annex 3) sets out in greater detail how stakeholders and the
interested public will be involved in project activities.
134.
Sector ministries and other government actors will be involved primarily through the National
Interministerial Committees (NICs) which are designed to ensure that the different sectors are
consulted and that an integrated approach is taken to stewardship of the CCLME. Under Component 1,
sector ministries will participate at the 1st International CCLME Symposium and will be represented as
appropriate in the thematic working groups, the special assessment groups on climate change and
valuation of CCLME goods & services and in the SAP formulation group itself. Sector ministries will
have the opportunity to contribute to the design of a CCLME information system that responds to their
needs and encourages their contribution to the system. Appropriate ministry personnel will receive
training in use and maintenance of the system. Finance ministry personnel, in particular, will be
involved in the valuation of CCLME goods & services and in the development of sustainable finance
mechanisms for LME monitoring and SAP implementation. Under Component 2, sector personnel will
participate as necessary in forums and planning for the filling of knowledge gaps, in training for
survey work, in the conduct of assessments and in the harmonization of data collection. Fisheries
managers will participate in the science/management forum and relevant sector personnel will
participate in legal reviews, policy formulation and developing management plans. Finance ministry
experts will be consulted in relation to market and fiscal mechanisms to encourage sustainable
practices and the relevant personnel will be involved in the demonstration projects, including park
managers in the case of the project on MPAs for fisheries. Under Component 3, sector personnel will
enjoy similar involvement as for Component 2. Of particular significance will be the participation of
energy sector personnel in the assessment of risks from offshore petroleum and the formulation of
contingency plans, and the involvement of agriculture and water personnel concerning the assessment
of the impacts of river flow regimes on marine and coastal ecosystems and identifying options for
corrective action. As for Component 2, sector personnel will be involved in demonstration projects.
135.
Resource assessors will enjoy extensive involvement in this LME project, given the emphasis
on assessment and the TDA and LME Assessment. Under Component 1, experts from the national
research institutes (in oceanography, fisheries and environment) will contribute extensively to
assessment design and implementation, to the composition of technical working groups, LME
Assessment report and preparation of the TDA itself. Resource assessors will participate in the design
of the information system and benefit from training for its operation and maintenance. Assessors will
also contribute to the SAP working group, especially in identifying EcoQOs for the SAP and will
participate at the West African Marine & Coastal Forum. Under component 2, resource assessors will
make a particular contribution to survey design and implementation and developing linkages to
external information systems (GOOS-AFRICA etc.). Fisheries scientists will participate in the
science/management fisheries forum and the formulation of policies and plans for transboundary
resource management.
48
Involvement of marginal groups
136.
`Marginal groups' is taken to refer to those stakeholders whose influence over the issues
addressed by the project is slight, while their interest or potential contributions may be great. Marginal
stakeholders include in particular coastal communities of the CCLME region who depend directly upon
the goods and services of the CCLME and who often possess considerable knowledge about resources,
but yet are rarely consulted or given the opportunity to contribute. Other marginal groups with
potentially important information to contribute include the crews of industrial fishing vessels and foreign
researchers, for whom provision will be made in the final methodology. In order to address the
involvement of such stakeholders, FAO mandated IUCN during the PDF-B phase to develop a coastal
stakeholder strategy, based on its extensive experience of coastal zone communities in the CCLME
region. In response an IUCN consultant animated a stakeholder working group at the Preliminary TDA
workshop (July 2006) and the Final Sub-regional consultation (September 2006) and, based on results of
those working sessions, prepared a preliminary stakeholder consultation methodology (which is
integrated into Annex 3). The methodology will be developed into a specific strategy in the early stages
of project implementation (see Component 1 Sub-component c). In addition to mandating IUCN, the
project preparation phase hosted a masters' degree researcher who contributed a paper on the potential
for trans-boundary community-based management areas, particularly for deltas such as the Casamance &
Senegal River (see References). Conclusions of the study are also included in Annex 3.
137.
Stakeholder participation will be of particular importance in several of the demonstration
projects. One demonstration project, on participatory monitoring of the impacts of MPAs on fisheries,
will actively seek to involve artisanal fishers in monitoring on the impacts of MPAs in the context of co-
management of fisheries. Projects on reducing the by-catch of trawl fisheries, migratory coastal pelagic
fisheries and development of a mangrove conservation plan will all need to directly involve coastal
stakeholders.
West African Marine & Coastal Forum
138.
An important part of stakeholder participation strategy for the CCLME is incremental support
to and extension of the existing West African Marine & Coastal Forum, developed by PRCM. The
forum, which meets every 18 months (it has met three times so far, most recently in April 2007),
brings together actors involved in the PRCM program including representatives of governments,
SRFC, NGOs and fishers' organizations. GEF resources would be used to extend coverage and
participation of the Forum to include priority transboundary concerns of the CCLME countries and
adequate representation of stakeholders, particularly CCLME national focal points & coordinators,
resource users & managers, environmental managers, research institutes and to enable the Forum to
serve as a platform to debate the TDA, LME Assessment and SAP (including its vision statement and
EcoQOs).
PART IX SUSTAINABILITY, REPLICABILITY & RISKS
Sustainability
139.
The present project is based on established models developed within the GEF IW portfolio
and capitalizes on the most recent experience of GEF IW projects and LME projects in particular,
while taking proper account of the regional context. The foundation for sustainability in the case of the
CCLME is to build upon existing fisheries and environmental regional institutional networks (SRFC
and the Abidjan Convention) and related structures and to reinforce these frameworks through
sustainable financing mechanisms and appropriate economic policies and incentives. SAP
implementation would be founded on the combination of the SRFC, Abidjan Convention and other
appropriate sub-regional or regional mechanisms, while the results of the demonstration projects
would provide a basis for replication within the CCLME through this governance foundation.
49
140.
The strategy for securing country commitment to SAP implementation is threefold: 1) basing
the SAP on an institutional framework which combines existing institutions to which CCLME
countries are already committed (SRFC, Abidjan, ATLAFCO etc.); 2) using a suite of multi-country
demonstration projects to show the benefits of multi-country cooperation and 3) to adopt a partnership
approach with other projects and programs in order to develop a common program of support based on
the ecosystem approach.
141.
Assuming that the above approach succeeds, implementation of the SAP will generate real
benefits that will serve to reinforce political commitment to continued action. SAP implementation
will lead to more efficient, sustainable use and restoration of the CCLME's natural resources, resulting
in improved livelihoods, including economic and nutritional benefits from the resources over the long
term. Improved distribution of benefits developed under component 1 (as part of the sustainable
financing mechanisms) will result in increased government revenues, improved fishers' incomes,
improved human nutrition in the region and the creation of new livelihoods. Several factors intrinsic to
project design further favor sustainability of the outcomes including:
·
Inclusive nature of project preparation and implementation, giving a sense of ownership of the
project in the region;
·
Project component structure reflecting the actual groupings of stakeholders, which will lead to
greater regional cohesion across each component;
·
The TDA/SAP process is highly inclusive across the region and highlights the international
nature of the objectives;
·
The project seeks to build from existing regional institutions for transboundary management
rather than creating new ones;
·
The project will engage other development partners;
·
Support from UNEP and FAO and GEF backing provides political reassurance;
·
From early on in the project means will be sought to secure sustainable finance for the SAP
and for LME monitoring.
Perhaps a key factor favoring sustainability will be the aimed for stabilization or improvement in
national incomes derived from sustainable management of fish stocks, giving countries a financial
incentive to continue with the process. Development and fostering of regional institutional links is also
a key element of the strategy for sustainability of project outcomes.
142.
Sustainability will be further promoted through strengthening national/regional institutions, in
terms of knowledge (assessments) and capacity building (training etc.), and achieved through the
establishment of permanent interministry structures. Capacity development will enable governments to
implement SAP and National Action Plans (NAPs) beyond the life of the proposed project, through
legislative, policy and institutional reforms and sustainable financing mechanisms will be identified
for SAP/NAP implementation. Active participation of civil organizations in project activities is a key
element for gaining social sustainability. Sustainability will be further favored through implementation
of the demonstration projects achieving stress reduction and other long term benefits. Finally,
involvement the Abidjan Convention (which will endorse the SAP and related national action plans)
and the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission will provide a sustainable institutional foundation for the
project.
143.
The principal benefits of the project will be the production of a full TDA and the regional
adoption of a SAP with accompanying regional coordination framework and thematic instruments to
address the identified problems and with the associated assembled knowledge and human and
institutional capacities for their implementation. The main factors that will influence the continuation
of these benefits after completion of the project will be: 1) project success and maintenance of the
momentum of the overall process; 2) political will of the participating countries; 3) availability of the
50
necessary resources; and 4) absence of intervening force majeure that might frustrate progress (such as
political instability, civil unrest or natural disasters).
144.
Project success & momentum of overall process success of the project interventions and
maintenance of the momentum depend on project design, implementation and the commitment of IA
and EA. Particular features of project design expected to favor project success include the inclusive
nature of the project preparation process and of project implementation, with the delegation of
responsibility to national level and to project partners. The project component structure reflects the
actual groupings of actors (project coordination working with regional partners for the TDA/SAP
coordination, fisheries and research actors for component 2 (marine living resources) and
environmental and conservation actors for critical habitat, biodiversity and water quality.
Demonstration activities will enjoy a substantial degree of decentralization for improved effectiveness.
Actions under all components are based on what experienced regional actors considered to be feasible
within the project time frame and available resources. The project design features for success will also
assist with sustained momentum in particular the inclusive nature of project implementation with
responsibilities spread between motivated actors. FAO has significant activities in the sub-region
complimentary to the project, providing continuity, while UNEP is piloting Regional Seas processes
and supporting the Abidjan convention, providing some continuity of presence in the region.
145.
Political will of participating countries Securing and maintaining political will was identified
as one of the major factors determining success at the LME breakout groups of the GEF IW Biennial
Conference in Bahia, Brazil, in 2005. The approach of the project to fostering and maintaining
political will is founded on the TDA/SAP process itself, which engages decision making in an
inclusive process, complimented by highlighting the international nature of the global movements on
LMEs, sustainable fisheries, climate change, the ecosystem approach and international instruments
and plans such as WSSD, GPA, FAO Code of Conduct etc. The demonstration projects are designed
to demonstrate the advantages of the cooperative approach, accompanied by objective valuation of the
benefits to help politicians to justify their commitment to SAP implementation. The express linkage to
NEPAD highlights the importance of CCLME to Pan-African sustainable development while linkage
to the SRFC serves to highlight linkage of the project to sub-regional issues and concerns. The fact
that the project seeks to build from existing institutional frameworks (SRFC, Abidjan Convention,
ATLAFCO etc.) rather than develop new and potentially vulnerable institutions for trans-boundary
management should favor political support for the project. During the preparation phase, the project
has sought to engage other development partners, so as to create a united approach in supporting
participating countries, a further factor in maintaining political will. Finally, the fact that two UN
agencies, UNEP and FAO, with GEF backing, are supporting the initiative, should reassure politicians
that their efforts will be recognized and supported.
146.
Availability of resources - Securing continuation of support upon project completion will be
critical to sustaining the benefits achieved. To address this, efforts will begin early on in the project to
identify sustainable financial mechanisms to support LME monitoring and other ongoing activities that
will be needed for implementation of the SAP. During the preparation phase, the project began the
effort of mobilizing other development partners to bring their support behind the project approach,
securing valuable synergies and substantial co-financing. From onset of the main project these efforts
will continue and intensify and will lead to a donor conference to present the prospective SAP and the
types of support that will be needed to implement it. Demonstration projects and some other actions
are designed to secure benefit flows for the future that can be used to sustain the necessary levels of
management.
147.
Absence of intervening force majeure while the project cannot avoid force majeure, it can
anticipate and plan accordingly. In relation to political stability, the project has taken the approach that
concerns affecting two or more countries may be considered trans-boundary and that all countries are
not obliged to contribute to every activity. This is especially so for the demonstration projects that
concern in some case just two or three countries. Thus, the inability of on country to participate should
not jeopardize implementation of the entire project. In relation to civil unrest, the same argument
51
applies, while in relation to natural disaster, the diversity of project actions reduces the chance that all
project activities would be affected by natural disaster.
.
Replicability
148. The CCLME project has considerable potential for generating replicable and transferable
experience within the region and for other LME programs. During the PDF-B phase, transferable
experience has been gained of the project preparation and a Preliminary TDA/SAP process.
Publication of the workshop reports and Preliminary TDA (as FAO Technical Documents) and
presentations to meetings will have facilitated transfer of the PDF-B experience. Under component 1
of the full project, further transferable experience will be gained of numerous aspects of the planned
TDA/SAP process (stakeholder participation, holding LME symposium, survey planning forum,
information management system, TDA formulation, LME Modular assessment, formulation of SAP
and its elements (vision, EcoQOs), valuation of LME goods & services etc.) much of which would be
published and thus transferable. The planned economic valuation of CCLME goods & services and
climate change assessment should be of particular interest. Under Component 2, information of
international interest and publications are likely to arise in relation to marine living resources,
upwelling systems etc., while useful transferable experience will accrue of science/management
forums, elaboration of shared stock management agreements, training in EAF, designing fiscal and
other incentives for sustainable fisheries practices and through the demonstration projects (reduced
trawling by-catch, MPAs as fisheries' management tools etc.). Under Component 3, information of
regional and international interest and publications will emerge in relation to critical habitats,
endangered species, impacts of river basin management etc.) while useful experience will be obtained
of formulating minimum management standards, water quality assessment & control and from the
demonstration projects (mangrove management and restoration). All such experience will be
documented in project reports and publications. To ensure the replication of demonstration activities
covering only parts of the CCLME, a replication strategy and mechanism are included as part of the
SAP development under Component 1.
149.
To facilitate the transfer of experience, the CCLME project would organize two international
symposia, one at the start of the project and one upon completion of the TDA, assessment work and
demonstrations. Representatives of other African LME projects and representatives of the global LME
community would be encouraged to attend. Lessons would also be transferred through attendance of
CCLME representatives at international forums (e.g. GEF IW Biennial conference). Reports and
publications would form an additional and important form of experience transfer. FAO has established
a series of technical documents relating to the CCLME and will publish significant technical and
workshop reports as the project proceeds. The CCLME information system and website will constitute
a further means of dissemination. The CCLME project would also support the participation of
CCLME actors and experts in IWLEARN and other experience-sharing programs.
Risks & their mitigation
150.
Risk is a function of the probability of a condition for project success not being satisfied and
the consequential impact on project performance. Maximum risk occurs where such probability is
highest and the potential consequences most severe. Mitigation measures can serve either to reduce the
probability of a condition not being satisfied or to attenuate the impact in where the condition is not
satisfied. Project conditions subject to uncertainty include the following:
Political stability of the CCLME countries;
Political adoption of scientists' recommendations;
Political commitment to regional cooperative action;
Synergy and co-financing commitments are honoured;
Countries are willing to share data as necessary e.g. on fish stocks;
Continued engagement of stakeholders in the process;
Willing participation of the private sector in project activities.
52
151.
The indicated areas of uncertainty could impact the project in various ways including:
Hinder or prevent implementation of project activities in countries affected by instability and
cooperation between the countries affected and other countries;
Prevent achievement of a science-based approach to addressing trans-boundary concerns;
Prevent the political recognition of the TDA or adoption of the SAP or any of the planned
transboundary management agreements;
Prevent or compromise implementation of certain activities dependent upon co-finance
commitments;
Hinder the adequate assessment of transboundary issues and the development of multi-country
cooperation on fisheries resources;
Limited participation of stakeholders in the project, particularly at the field level;
Prevent full implementation of demonstration activities requiring private sector participation (by
catch reduction project and coastal pelagics fisheries project).
152.
Based on the above analysis, and minimizing redundancy or duplication, the following aspects
of project design will help to mitigate against the identified risks:
The project is located within an intergovernmental organization (SRFC) that will continue to
function despite political instability in participating countries recognized to be at risk;
The project design reflects three distinct zones of the CCLME (upwelling, coastal/estuarine and
oceanic/islands) activities reflect these ecological realities and thus the effective participation of
all countries is not critical to securing global environmental benefits;
The demonstration projects link groups of countries, rather than the entire set of countries it is
highly unlikely that all demonstration projects would be affected by one or more risks;
The project includes measures to engage and include the political decision making levels, thus
reducing risk of alienation and political objection;
Component 1 includes an economic valuation of CCLME goods & services addressed to finance
and foreign affairs ministries;
All key ministries are represented on the National Interministerial Committees, thus reducing risk
of conflicts developing;
The project includes a comprehensive stakeholder participation sub-component to be driven by a
specific strategy and to include a communication function that will reach out to all major
stakeholder groups (including marginal stakeholders, decision makers, private sector etc.);
The project includes the development of socio-economic and fiscal approaches to resource
management in addition to purely ecosystem / science-based approaches;
Socio-economics and governance will be integrated as cross-cutting themes in the TDA/SAP
process and highlighted in the periodic LME Assessment;
Project partners are given a place on the Project Steering Committee and also given coordination
responsibility and resources for certain project activities (such as demonstration projects);
Support to the West African Marine & Coastal Forum will provide a forum of open debate large
enough to accommodate all CCLME stakeholders and to place endorsement of the TDA and SAP
on a broad and secure foundation;
The project includes development of an information system that will promote information
exchange and demonstrate the benefits of sharing information when addressing trans-boundary
concerns;
The project includes a series of multi-country demonstration projects that will demonstrate and
valuate the benefits of a cooperative approach, including information sharing;
The project has developed links with projects working on data-poor management and will exploit
those links and the relevant capacities in the design of robust management plans;
Activities involving the private sector (e.g. regional petroleum spill risk assessment, reduced by-
catch in shrimp trawling) will remain feasible even if the private sector does not participate.
53
153.
It will be seen that the aspects most affected by risk concern the science-management interface
and political commitment to cooperative action between states. In a worst case scenario, the risk to the
knowledge-gathering and capacity building functions of the CCLME project would be at relatively
little risk. Thus, provided that the knowledge gathering and capacity building benefits are durable, the
project will create the potential for eventual multi-country cooperation even if this cannot immediately
be realized. Thus, the project includes measures to secure the knowledge gathering and capacity-
building benefits, as follows:
Establishment of a broad and visible constituency of information holders and providers for the
CCLME through international symposia;
Development of an information system to store or provide access to all information useful to
CCLME stewardship;
Capture and publication of relevant information in a series of thematic assessments and the TDA
itself;
Design of an organized training program for resource assessors based on needs assessment and
formal accountable delivery mechanism (the FAO/Nansen-EAF project);
Design of an organized training program for resource managers similarly based on need and
formally delivered through the FAO/Nansen-EAF project;
Specific training and assistance in TDA/SAP to be provided to national focal points, coordinators
and TDA and SAP-working group members.
154.
Political instability would have the greatest impact on project performance, at least in the
affected countries. However, while several CCLME countries have experienced recent political
problems, the risk now appears to be receding with reconstruction efforts, democratic elections and
greater regional integration through trade organizations such as CDEAO and BCEAO.
155.
Perhaps the major risk of the CCLME project is that stakeholder consensus on the necessary
cooperative actions for addressing trans-boundary problems will not be supported by the requisite
national and regional political commitment. This risk will apply particularly to certain of the
demonstration projects that seek to achieve regional commitments before adoption of the SAP but will
also apply at the critical step of putting the SAP forward for political adoption. The risk of failure is
considered relatively low in relation to the CCLME because of well established political and technical
cooperation (Abidjan Convention, Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission, AGC42, CECAF,
FAO/CECAF working groups etc.) and the recognition by decision makers of the regional nature of
fisheries and other issues affecting the CCLME, such as petroleum pollution.
156. Most of the identified risks are mitigated by intrinsic aspects of CCLME project design,
particularly the TDA-SAP process, stakeholder participation strategy and the demonstration projects.
The CCLME project preparation phase has made progress in building a political constituency through
involving decision making levels (director-level in the relevant ministries) in project design and
engaging ministers (from both fisheries & environment) in various aspects of the preparation process
(appointment of national focal points, establishment of inter-ministry committees, participation at
meetings etc.). The partnership approach taken by the project should also help to reduce the impacts of
the identified risks.
157.
The project is subject to the usual range of risks and problems that affect the developing
countries of the region, including political uncertainty and logistical problems such as the breakdown
of services, heavy traffic, heat and dust and so on. The project is located in Senegal which in recent
history is the most stable country of the region. Dakar, where the project is located, has good
telecommunications compared with other countries of the sub-region and is in the lowest risk category
according to the UN security classification system.
42 AGC is the Agence de Gestion Commune (common management agency) established by Senegal and Guinea Bissau for
cooperation on petroleum exploitation and fisheries in a shared area of EEZ).
54
158.
Finally, a very specific risk that has been identified concerns the uncertain political status of
waters between Morocco and Mauritania, managed by Morocco but which are claimed by Polisario
(exiled authority of the former Western Sahara) and disputed by Algeria. The UN does not recognize
Moroccan authority over Western Sahara, although Morocco administers the territory and issues
fisheries agreements to the EU to exploit small pelagic stocks in these highly productive waters. At the
scientific level, the risk of interference with project activities is considered low scientists regard any
scientific data as held in trust for any future state that may be established and survey vessels can
operate without hindrance in the disputed zone. Furthermore, current indications are that the other
countries most likely to be concerned with agreements relating to small pelagic stocks (Mauritania,
Senegal & Gambia) do not contest Moroccan authority over these waters and resources. However, at
the political level, the authority of Morocco to enter into shared stock agreements relating to fish
stocks within the disputed waters may be questioned, thus potentially limiting the geographical scope
of any cooperative management arrangements. In the event of problems arising, this risk would be
mitigated by limiting the scope of trans-boundary management plans to exclude resources of the
disputed area. Given that several species are involved, with differing ranges, global benefits could still
be secured even where management arrangements did not specifically cover the disputed zone.
PART X INCREMENTAL COSTS & PROJECT FINANCING
Incremental cost analysis
159.
The CCLME project is a foundational initiative which will support an innovative multi-
country process to identify and assess trans-boundary environmental concerns relating to a globally
important marine ecosystem and develop the necessary information base, capacity, institutional
frameworks and plans to address those problems, complemented by a series of multi-country
demonstration stress measures to head-start the cooperative approach. None of these activities form
part of the projected baseline without GEF intervention and thus the project can be considered
primarily as delivering global environmental benefits for a cost that is incremental upon the mainly
national baseline. However, in the light of the domestic benefits, not easily quantifiable, that will
necessarily accrue to the participating countries through the foundational process (information,
capacity, institutions, frameworks & demonstrations), the aim of the project designers has been to
secure at least a 1:1 cost-sharing ratio from countries and other donors to cover the "additional" costs
of the "alternative course of action" facilitated by the GEF. In the event, the ratio obtained is a little
above 3:1, reflected in a project with a total value of $27.456 million for a GEF investment of $8.79
million. A detailed Incremental Cost Analysis is presented in Annex 1.
Baseline costs
160.
Baseline costs refer to the projected costs of the "business as usual" activities that would be
undertaken irrespective of GEF intervention and which constitute the broad foundation upon which the
GEF alternative is constructed. Given the considerable influence exerted by GEF IW intervention
during the PDF-B phase over other projected regional initiatives, several of which have chosen to
adopt the GEF IW supported TDA/SAP process (in particular MAVA and AFD), the baseline cost
comprises primarily recurrent national expenditures together with projected national investments that
will continue to focus primarily on achieving domestic environmental benefits. As will be seen from
Annex 8, many of the existing regional or national-level initiatives are coming to a close during 2006
or 2007 whereas most future projected initiatives (other than those with which the CCLME project has
negotiated synergies and co-finance) are not yet fully defined or lack committed funding, and are
therefore difficult to quantify. An important exception is the series of GEF Biodiversity/World Bank
ICZM projects being developed in certain CCLME countries (PGIRN in Guinea, ICAM project in
Gambia, PBGZCGB in Guinea Bissau, GIRMAC in Senegal, MPAs & wetlands project in Morocco)
and non-GEF ICZM initiatives in countries where there are no equivalent GEF projects (PDALM in
Mauritania, Coastal Management Project in Cape Verde, both under PRCM). The total baseline value
55
of these ICZM projects is conservatively estimated at $70 million over the 5-year span of the CCLME
project.
161.
As part of the preparation process, countries were requested to identify the national
institutions most concerned with activities related to the project objectives (see Table 4 above on
baseline cost activity centers). Based on the figures provided, and allowing some adjustment, the
national baseline costs for the 5-year time frame of the project are estimated at $230 million. The total
baseline cost is therefore estimated at $300 million ($70 million of national projects + $230 million of
national recurrent costs), or around 10 times the incremental cost of the GEF alternative. The project
baseline and incremental costs summary is presented in Table 10.
Table 10 CCLME Project Baseline and Incremental Costs summary
Component
Baseline $
Alternative $
Increment $
GEF $
1. TDA/SAP Process - Multi-country process and frameworks
150,267,946
159,062,196
8,794,250 3,130,000
for understanding and addressing priority trans-boundary
concerns
A. Multi-country understanding and agreement on transboundary
45,080,384
47,145,384
2,065,000
800,000
issues (TDA)
A1. Multi-country TDA
22,540,192
24,130,192
1,590,000
700,000
A2. Interactive CCLME information website
22,540,192
23,015,192
475,000
250,000
B. Sustainable legal/institutional frameworks and plans for
45,080,384
47,730,384
2,650,000
700,000
regional cooperation on the CCLME
B1. Regional legal/institutional framework for CCLME
22,540,192
23,015,192
475,000
250,000
stewardship developed
B2. Multi-country SAP
11,270,096
12,945,096
1,675,000
300,000
B3. Sustainable financing and investment / partnership plan for
11,270,096
11,770,096
500,000
150,000
SAP implementation
C. Stakeholder involvement in transboundary priority setting and
21,037,512
23,056,762
2,019,250
600,000
strategic planning
C1. Regional & national institutional stakeholder participation
15,778,134
17,028,134
1,250,000
300,000
mechanisms established & operational
C2. Local and private stakeholder participation mechanisms
5,259,378
6,028,628
769,250
300,000
established and operational
D. Effective project management
30,053,589
31,733,589
1,680,000
810,000
E. Effective Monitoring & Evaluation
9,016,077
9,396,077
380,000
220,000
2. Marine Living Resources - Strengthened policies and
90,160,768
98,433,768
8,273,000 2,960,000
management, and demonstration actions to address priority
transboundary concerns on declining marine living resources
of the CCLME
A. Improved knowledge & capacity for management to address
24,042,871
27,647,871
3,605,000 1,650,000
concerns on marine living resources
A1. Transboundary assessment of priority concerns on marine
22,365,462
25,515,462
3,150,000 1,400,000
living resources for the CCLME
A2. Improved capacity for transboundary assessment
1,677,410
2,132,410
455,000
250,000
B. Strengthened policies, instruments & capacity for management
30,053,589
31,253,589
1,200,000
200,000
to address priority concerns on marine living resources
C. Demonstration management actions to address priority
36,064,307
39,532,307
3,468,000 1,110,000
transboundary concerns on marine living resources
Demo1 - Policies and plans for sustainable trans-boundary
10,819,292
12,283,292
1,464,000
460,000
management of shared small pelagic stocks
Demo2 - Reduction of the impact of shrimp trawling through by-
10,819,292
11,703,292
884,000
400,000
catch reduction and management changes
Demo3 - Trans-boundary co-management of migratory coastal
7,212,861
8,332,861
1,120,000
250,000
pelagics of importance to artisanal fisheries
3. Biodiversity, habitat & Water Quality - Strengthened
60,107,179
68,744,179
8,637,000 2,000,000
knowledge, capacity and policy base for trans-boundary
assessment & management of habitat & biodiversity and
water quality critical to fisheries
A. a. Knowledge gaps filled in relation to critical habitat,
21,037,512
24,557,512
3,520,000 1,000,000
biodiversity and water quality for the purpose of the TDA and
56
SAP
B. Capacity building, policy making and planning for the SAP
24,042,871
26,997,871
2,955,000
400,000
C. Demonstration actions to address priority trans-boundary
15,026,795
17,188,795
2,162,000
600,000
concerns on declining biodiversity and water quality
Demo4 - Demonstration of MPAs as tools for multiple resource
6,261,164
7,113,164
852,000
250,000
management benefits
Demo 5 - Regional mangrove conservation plan
8,765,730
10,075,630
1,310,000
350,000
Project Sub-total
300,535,893
326,240,143
25,704,250 8,090,000
Project Preparation
0
1,752,000
1,752,000
700,000
TOTAL
300,535,893 327,992,143
27,456,250
8,790,000
Project financing
162.
Project costs are summarized in Table 9. The total cost of the full size project is estimated at
US$25,704,250 made up of a GEF contribution of $8,090,000 and estimated co-finance of
US$17,716,250 or a co-finance ratio of about 2.2:1.The co-finance includes an estimated
US$4,052,000 of in-kind contribution from the seven participating countries.
Table 11 - Project Summary Cost (US$ million)
Table 9 - Project cost summary (US$)
Component
Total $
GEF $
Co-finance$
1. TDA/SAP Process - Multi-country process and frameworks
8,794,250
3,130,000
5,664,250
for understanding and addressing priority trans-boundary
concerns
a. Multi-country understanding and agreement on transboundary
2,065,000
800,000
1,265,000
issues (TDA)
b. Sustainable legal/institutional frameworks and plans for
2,650,000
700,000
1,950,000
regional cooperation on the CCLME
c. Stakeholder involvement in transboundary priority setting and
2,019,250
600,000
1,419,250
strategic planning
d. Effective Project management
1,680,000
810,000
870,000
e. Effective Monitoring & Evaluation
380,000
220,000
160,000
2. Marine Living Resources - Strengthened policies and
8,273,000
2,960,000
5,915,000
management, and demonstration actions to address priority
transboundary concerns on declining marine living resources
of the CCLME
a. Improved knowledge & capacity for management to address
3,605,000
1,650,000
1,955,000
concerns on marine living resources
b. Strengthened policies, instruments & capacity for management
1,200,000
200,000
1,000,000
to address priority concerns on marine living resources
c. Demonstration management actions to address priority
3,468,000
1,110,000
2,358,000
transboundary concerns on marine living resources
3. Biodiversity, habitat & Water Quality - Strengthened
8,637,000
2,000,000
6,637,000
knowledge, capacity and policy base for trans-boundary
assessment & management of habitat & biodiversity and
water quality critical to fisheries
a. Knowledge gaps filled in relation to critical habitat,
3,520,000
1,000,000
2,520,000
biodiversity and water quality for the purpose of the TDA and
SAP
b. Capacity building, policy making and planning for the SAP
2,955,000
400,000
2,555,000
c. Demonstration actions to address priority trans-boundary
2,162,000
600,000
1,562,000
concerns on declining biodiversity and water quality
Full-size Project Total
25,704,250
8,090,000
17,716,250
Project Preparation (PDF-B)
1,752,000
700,000
1,052,000
TOTAL
27,456,250
8,790,000
18,768,250
57
Project management cost
163.
The project management cost is estimated at US$1,680,000 made up of GEF (US$810,000)
and other sources (US$870,000) (Table 12).
Table 12 Project management costs*
Component
Est. staff weeks
GEF $
Other sources $
Project total $
Project Assistant **
130
60,000
0
60,000
Regional Project Coordinator***
104
480,000
0
480,000
Office facilities, equipment, vehicles
168,750
370,000
538,750
& communications (regional &
national)
Regional Travels
101,250
500,000
601,250,000
Total project management cost
810,000
870,000
1,680,000
*preliminary draft budget subject to change as preparation proceeds
** 50% of project assistant time is attributed to management and 50% to technical assistance
** 40% of project manager time is attributed to management and 60% to technical assistance
Consultants working for technical assistance components
164.
Details of consultants working on technical assistance components are given in Table 11.
Project personnel in the Regional Coordination Unit will dedicate the major part of their time to
technical assistance, amounting to an estimated total of 700 weeks over the duration of the project.
Remaining technical assistance will be provided by local consultants (115 weeks) and international
consultants and sub-contractors (400 weeks).
Table 13 Consultants working for technical assistance components (estimate for entire project)
Component
Est. staff weeks
GEF$
Other sources$
Project total$
Regional Project Coordinator*
156
720,000
0
720,000
Project Assistant **
130
60,000
0
60,000
Component leaders (2)*
520
480,000
0
480,000
Regional/local consultants
115
212,000
0
212,000
International consultants
400
670,000
200,000
870,000
Total
1,321
2,142,000
200,000
2,392,000
* project personnel engaged in technical assistance including Regional Coordinator (at 60% time), Project
Assistant (50% time) and component leaders (at 100% time)
Co-financing
165.
The total co-financing for the main project is estimated at $17,716,250. The contribution of
countries is estimated at US$4.052 million (in-kind) or about 15 % of the total project cost (Table 14).
Table 14 CCLME - Projected sources of co-financing
Name of Co-financier (source)
Classification
Type
Amount (US$)
Confirmed Unconfirmed
PRCM (MAVA)
Private foundation
Cash
7,000,000
Agence Française de Développement Bilateral
Cash
3,120,000
EU (AGPAO)
Bilateral
Cash
3,225,000
SIDA (Sweden)
Multilateral
Cash
2,000,000
Norway/FAO (EAF-Nansen )
Multilateral
Cash
2,205,000
Norway/FAO (Nansen cooperation)
Multilateral
Cash
60,000
Holland (small pelagics)
Bilateral
Cash
500,000
French GEF (FFEM)
Multilateral
Cash
Discussions
Participating Governments
Government
In-kind
4,052,000
58
FAO
Lead GEF Agency
In-kind
350,000
UNEP
Support GEF agency
In-kind
279,250
NOAA
Collaborating organization
In-kind
150,000
TOTAL CONFIRMED CO-FINANCING 17,716,250
166.
The major source of co-financing is the MAVA foundation which supports the PRCM
coalition of INGOs. The PRCM coordination unit has estimated that its donors will be willing to
commit an estimated $5 million per year over 5 years (2008-2013). The leading PRCM donor,
MAVA, has been able to issue a co-finance letter, committing to $7 million of co-finance over the 5
years 2008-2013. Co-finance from PRCM donors relates primarily to shared incremental activities
under Component 3 of the project (biodiversity and water quality). PRCM contribution to component
1 (TDA/SAP) is also important, particularly as regards shared support to the TDA/SAP process and to
the West African Marine & Coastal Forum. Further important co-finance comes from AFD, which has
agreed to develop its project on artisanal fisheries co-management (including MPAs for fisheries) in
accordance with the GEF alternative. A letter of co-finance for $5 million has been provided, although
analysis indicates that only $3,120,000 of this will actually be required. Finally, the highly important
support of the FAO/Nansen/EAF project (funded by Norway) is conservatively estimated at
$2,205,000. An existing Norway funded project (International cooperation with the Nansen) has
agreed to adapt to the GEF alternative and to divert $60,000 towards the initial CCLME symposium,
specifically to cover working sessions on small pelagic fisheries. In-kind support by FAO during the
project has been estimated at $350,000 and corresponding support from UNEP at $279,250. Finally,
NOAA has agreed to support the TDA/SAP aspects through technical assistance with an estimated
value of $150,000.
PART IX MONITORING & EVALUATION
Incorporation of past lessons
167.
The design of the project M&E system incorporates lessons learned from the GEF IW
portfolio, LME projects globally and from specific LME projects. Global lessons learned from the
GEF IW portfolio are incorporated into recent GEF guidelines for IW projects43 which have been
adopted for the purposes of this project. Account has also been taken of lessons in M&E identified
during the LME breakout sessions of the GEF IW Biennial Conference held at Bahia in June 2005
which included: 1) M&E is critical for the adaptive management approach; 2) M&E must link project
interventions to environmental impacts; 3) M&E indicators must be of sufficient scope (e.g. including
governance); 4) M&E indicators must link to global indicator frameworks (e.g. WSSD). The M&E
design for this project has also incorporated lessons learned from other LME projects in the African
region (in particular the Benguela Current LME project GEF/UNDP/UNOPS) and from the
Mediterranean LME project (GEF/UNEP/FAO).
Approach of M&E system
165.
The CCLME project is a Type 1 GEF IW project focusing on foundational work and capacity
building. For this reason, the CCLME project will primarily deliver process outcomes (e.g. multi-
country agreements, institutional strengthening) whose achievement will be measured by the
appropriate process indicators. Stress reduction outcomes (e.g. by-catch reduction, reduced pressure
on over-fished stocks) will be limited to certain of the demonstration projects (see Volume 2 of this
document). As part of the suite of process indicators, the project will report on capacity building
outcomes for trans-boundary management of resources, habitats and water quality and on
contributions to the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the World Summit
on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Plan of Implementation (PoI) targets for marine and coastal
ecosystems. As a specific innovation, the project includes provision for the establishment of a periodic
43 GEF International Waters Annual Performance Results Template Guidance Information. July, 2006.
59
LME 5-modular assessment (with a baseline assessment to be undertaken during the life of the project
and repeat assessments to be continued as part of the SAP) in order to promote harmonization with
other LMEs.
Objective & outcome indicators
166.
The outcome indicators to be used by the project are based on those recommended by GEF IW
guidance for IW projects and are presented in the project logical framework (Annex 2). Indicators of
the project objective include eight process indicators (1. Multi-country agreement on transboundary
priority concerns, impacts and causes; 2. Multi-country Agreement on governance reforms and
investments to address priority transboundary concerns; 3. Sustainable legal/institutional framework
for the CCLME; 4. Strengthened existing transboundary waters institutions; 5. Stakeholder
involvement in transboundary waterbody priority setting and strategic planning; 6. Seven functioning
National Interministry Committees; 7. Three multi-country policy proposals (as annexes to the SAP);
8. Five management instruments for maintaining fish stocks, associated biodiversity and water quality
(as annexes to the SAP) and 9: Five demonstrations implemented and costs/benefits evaluated). Stress
reduction indicators will be defined for certain of the demonstration projects that are expected to bring
about changes to exploitation of resources during the life of the project.
Intermediate benchmarks and means of measurement
167.
Indicators are qualified in the logical framework according to the expected date of
achievement. Thus, under the project objective, intermediate process outcome benchmarks would
include: 1) continuing effective national coordination (an indicator to be reviewed annually); 2) multi-
country agreement on the TDA (by end Year 03) and 3) stakeholder involvement in the TDA/SAP
process (again, an indicator to be reviewed annually). Given that these benchmarks reflect process
steps towards either more complete processes or stress reduction, their achievement can be measured
by the existence of the relevant instruments.
Stress reduction indicators & baseline
168.
The project aims to achieve stress reduction through a series of demonstration projects.
Certain demonstration projects aim to deliver management instruments that would create the
conditions for physical stress reduction in the ecosystem upon implementation (e.g. signed shared-
stock management agreements) while others will generate local stress reduction impacts at pilot sites
during the life of the project (e.g. MPAs for multiple resource management benefits; pilot mangrove
restoration schemes). In all cases, baseline stress indicators for the demonstration projects will be
identified during the early part of project operation, e.g. immediately following the initial symposium
on information about the CCLME, following the various planning forums or at the latest during the
thematic assessments to be conducted under the TDA such that all baseline stress values will be
established by the time of completion of the TDA (end Year 03) if not before.
Establishing a baseline
169.
The inception period of the project (Year 1) will be used to review and fine tune the proposed
process and stress reduction indicators for both the main project and each demonstration project.
Wherever possible, initial project condition will be determined by indicators. This will be a
straightforward task for most of the process indicators, while baseline stress indicators are likely to be
more problematic, particularly for the projects which are expected to achieve physical stress reduction
at pilot sites. While the RCU will assume overall responsibility for this task, demonstration project
managers will be detailed to review and refine indicators during the first year of operation. This
process of indicator refinement and establishment of the baseline will be closely linked to the process
of establishing baseline values for the LME as a whole (which will include a set of indicators for each
of the five modules).
60
Monitoring & Evaluation arrangements
170.
Project monitoring and evaluation will be conducted in accordance with established UNEP,
FAO and GEF procedures. Overall FAO will take the lead in the monitoring and evaluation of the
project, and UNEP will provide specific inputs related to the monitoring and evaluation of Component
3 and issues related to biodiversity, habitat and water quality. In the monitoring process, half-yearly
activity and demonstration reports will be submitted to the RCU by the responsible partners, and will
include the status of activities and results from the monitoring of M&E indicators. These results will
be compiled by the RCU and a yearly report will be sent to the Project Steering Committee (PSC) one
month prior to the PSC meeting. One of the aims of the PSC will be to review the following inputs for
the Annual Implementation Review (PIR):
An analysis of project performance over the reporting period, including outputs produced and,
where possible, information on the status of the outcome
The constraints experienced in the progress towards results and the reasons for these
The three (at most) major constraints to achievement of results
Annual Work Plans and related expenditure reports
Lessons learned
Clear recommendations for future orientation in addressing key problems in lack of progress
171.
A monitoring and evaluation plan is provided in Annex 5. Monitoring and Evaluation will
take place principally at two levels: project execution and project performance. Evaluation of
environmental impacts will be confined to the demonstration projects which seek to achieve stress
reduction measures. The Project Logical Framework in Annex 2 provides indicators for project
implementation along with the corresponding means of verification. The reports and other sources
identified in the logical framework will enable stakeholders to provide feedback and observations.
Reports will also be used to monitor performance of the actors/structures involved in implementing the
project. The project M&E plan includes an Inception Workshop which will include a review of project
objective, outcomes and activities which will include review and refinement of the project's indicators
and elaboration of development of a project work plan (including putting into operation the M&E plan
itself). The indicative cost of M&E for the project is $380,000 over the life of the project, of which
$220,000 is requested from GEF, the remainder comprising in-kind support from the countries and the
major co-finance partners who would coordinate closely with the CCLME project on M&E. A
simplified M&E framework presenting the main outcome related indicators and the allocation of
responsibility between FAO and UNEP is provided in Table 15.
Table 15: CCLME simplified M&E framework
Main outcome
M&E approach
FAO
UNEP
indicator
Multi-country
The project will monitor not
FAO will monitor aspects UNEP will monitor
agreement on
only production of the TDA
relating to overall
aspects relating to
transboundary
report, but also the requirements
TDA/SAP process
biodiversity and water
priority concerns,
for a TDA of high quality
(Component 1) and
quality (Component 3)
impacts and causes
including stakeholder
marine living resources
participation mechanisms, NICs, (Component 2).
information system etc.
Multi-country
Similarly to the TDA, the project FAO will monitor aspects UNEP will monitor
Agreement on
will monitor not only SAP
relating to overall
aspects relating to
governance reforms
preparation, but also stakeholder TDA/SAP process
biodiversity & water
and investments to
involvement, demonstration
(Component 1) and
quality (Component 3).
address priority
actions, policy development etc.
marine living resources
transboundary
(Component 2).
concerns
Sustainable
This is perhaps the most
FAO will monitor aspects UNEP will contribute
legal/institutional
complex outcome, dependent
relating to overall
particularly to monitoring
framework for the
upon multiple institutions,
TDA/SAP process
involvement of the
CCLME
programs and processes, the
(Component 1) and
Abidjan convention and
61
Main outcome
M&E approach
FAO
UNEP
indicator
precise form of which cannot be
marine living resources
biodiversity & water
predicted prior to project
(Component 2). FAO will quality institutions (e.g.
implementation. The project will make a particular
CBD, GPA, CMS etc.)
monitor progress and dynamics
contribution with regard
of the linkages between
to the involvement of
concerned institutions and
fisheries institutions.
respond adaptively to steer the
process to an optimal
institutional arrangement for the
CCLME.
Strengthened
Monitoring and evaluation of
FAO will contribute
UNEP will contribute
existing
institutional strengthening will
particularly to monitoring
particularly on monitoring
transboundary
make use of beneficiary and
strengthening of the
strengthening of the
waters institutions
stakeholder evaluations (done
SRFC, ATLAFCO,
Abidjan Convention as a
within the M&E framework)
CECAF and ICCAT.
transboundary waters
corroborated by progress on
institution.
other indicators that may be
indicative of institutional
functionality to draw the best
assessment possible.
Stakeholder
As for institutional
FAO will monitor aspects UNEP will monitor
involvement in
strengthening, use will be made
relating to overall
stakeholder involvement
transboundary
of stakeholder and beneficiary
TDA/SAP process
in aspects relating to
waterbody priority
evaluations within the M&E
(Component 1) and
biodiversity and water
setting and strategic
framework corroborated by
marine living resources
quality. UNEP will
planning
progress on other indicators that
(Component 2). FAO will contribute particularly to
help to measure or characterize
contribute particularly to
involvement of land-
stakeholder involvement.
involvement of fisheries
based actors.
stakeholders.
7 functioning
While the primary indicator for
FAO will monitor NIC
Input will provided to
National
functional NICs will be NIC
functioning in relation to
FAO on function of
Interministry
documentation, more qualitative
the overall TDA/SAP
committees in relation to
Committees
information will be obtained
process (Component 1)
biodiversity & water
through project reporting and
and marine living
quality concerns. UNEP
evaluations, stakeholder
resources (Component 2)
will contribute
evaluations and indirectly from
and will contribute
particularly to
progress on other indicators
particularly to monitoring
involvement of the
sensitive to the quality of NIC
participation of the
environment and land-
function.
fisheries sector.
based sectors.
3 multi-country
The primary indicator will be the FAO will monitor policy
UNEP will monitor policy
policy proposals (as
production of policy papers and
outputs from the
outputs relating to
annexes to the SAP) their adoption in the SAP, but
TDA/SAP process
biodiversity & water
other indicators, such as the
(Component 1) and
quality (Component 3)
TDA report and stakeholder
marine living resources
evaluations will contribute to
(Component 2) and will
assessment of the quality of the
help monitor particularly
policy outputs.
policy outputs on the
fisheries sector.
5 management
The primary indicator will be the FAO will monitor aspects UNEP will have
instruments for
instruments themselves, and
relating to overall
responsibility to monitor
maintaining fish
their adoption as part of the
TDA/SAP process
instruments on
stocks, associated
SAP, whereas other useful
(Component 1) and
biodiversity and water
biodiversity and
measurement will be provided
marine living resources
quality (Component 3)
water quality (as
by working group
(Component 2) and will
annexes to the SAP) documentation, demonstration
contribute especially to
project periodic reports and
monitoring the fisheries
monitoring of stakeholder
instruments that are
involvement in the development
intended.
62
Main outcome
M&E approach
FAO
UNEP
indicator
of plans.
5 demonstrations
The primary indicator will be the FAO will monitor demos
UNEP will monitor Demo
implemented and
demonstration project reports,
1-3 and contribute to
5 (mangroves)
costs/benefits
outputs and costs-benefits
demo 4 monitoring
evaluated
evaluations, while useful
(fisheries aspects of
corroboration will some from
MPAs). FAO will also
monitoring stakeholder
contribute to monitoring
involvement, the NICs and
of the fisheries
independent mid-term
dimensions of Demo 5
evaluation.
(mangroves).
Monitoring
172.
Monitoring will consist of continuous or periodic review and surveillance of activities with
respect to management and the implementation of the work plan. Day-to-day monitoring of
implementation progress will be the responsibility of the Regional Project Coordination Unit, in
consultation with CSRP, based on the project's annual Work Plan and its indicators. The Project
Coordinator will advise FAO and UNEP of any delays or difficulties faced during implementation so
that appropriate support or corrective measures can be adopted.
Reporting
173.
Reporting will comprise the following:
- Project Inception Report to be prepared within the first three months of the project. It will
include a detailed first year annual work plan, detailed project budget and M&E requirements
for year 1 to be discussed at the first meeting of the steering committee.
- Project progress reports will be prepared every six months and which will contain, inter alia,
an account of actual implementation of project activities compared to those scheduled in the
Annual Work Plans and the achievement of outputs and progress towards achieving the
project objectives, an identification of any problems and constraints encountered in project
implementation and a detailed Work plan for the next reporting period.
- Project Implementation Review (PIR) is an annual monitoring process mandated by the
GEF. Each year the independent GEF Monitoring and Evaluation Unit provides the
scope and contents of the PIR. The PIR is an essential management and monitoring
tool and will be an important median for extracting lessons learned from ongoing
projects.
Evaluation
174.
Evaluation is a process for determining systematically and objectively the relevance,
efficiency, effectiveness, progress and impacts of the activities in light of their objectives and inputs,
both during the project lifetime and beyond. Mid-Term and Terminal Evaluations of the project will be
conducted. FAO Evaluation Services in consultation with UNEP will take the lead in organizing the
evaluations. The Mid-Term Evaluation will be undertaken at the end of the second or beginning of the
third year of project implementation. The Mid-Term Evaluation will determine progress being made
towards achievement of outcomes and will provide recommendations for corrective actions if
necessary and improved implementation of the project in the remaining project duration. It will, inter
alia:
·
review the effectiveness, efficiency and timeliness of the project implementation;
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·
analyze effectiveness of implementation and partnership arrangements;
·
identify issues requiring decisions and remedial actions;
·
propose any mid-course corrections and/or adjustment to the work plan as necessary.
175.
A Terminal Evaluation will take place three months prior to the final Steering committee. The
final evaluation will review project impact, analyze sustainability of results and whether the project
has achieved the outcomes and objectives. It will furthermore provide recommendations for follow-up
actions (including SAP implementation). The recommendations of the Terminal Evaluation will be
shared with the final Steering Committee. The terminal evaluation will inter alia:
·
identify lessons learned about project's design, implementation and management;
·
highlight technical achievements and lessons learned;
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